Sensory systems:Textbook reading: What is a sign stimulus? How does a sign stimulus relate to a fixed action pattern? Give two examples of how one animal may exploit another by mimicking a sign stimulus, including the fixed action pattern that results. Can you think of any examples from outside of the textbook/ from your ownexperience?Sign stimulus (a cue) activates fixed action pattern (instinct)Chemicals produced by flowers to attract pollinatorsAlcon butterfly larva mimicking ants for careWhat is the functional significance of the following regions of a neuron: cell body, axon, dendrites, synaptic terminal?Axon-transmission lineDendrites-electrical activity originates hereSynaptic terminal- gap between dendrites signal are sent acrossWhat hypothesis accounts for why some types of moths are able to detect high frequency sound? Describe the different potential roles of the A1 and the A2 neurons in the moth’s behavior.Roeder hypothesisA1-low and moderate intensity ultrasound, fires more often as intensity increasesA2-high intensity ultrasoundNo difference to ultrasonic sounds and deaf to sounds we hearIn flying crickets, how does the nervous system translate sensory information about a nearby bat predator into the cricket turning away from the bat?Crickets can detect high frequency sounds and immediately drop when hit by a bat’s echolocationHow does the term ‘stimulus filtering’ apply to moth’s ears? How about yourears in comparison?A1 receptors activated only by acoustical cues and completely ignore safe stimuli such as crickets, etc-specified for hearing echolocation callsWhat is the behavioral significance of appendage #11 on a star-nosed mole’snasal array? How does this relate to the representation of the appendage in the brain? What would you predict for an animal that has especially acute hearing at high frequencies, like a bat?Mole’s tactile modality weighted towards appendage 11-represented more inbrainHow did scientists test the prediction that the bluethroat uses UV-reflecting feathers to signal to potential mates? Females spent more time with males whose UV light could be seenLecture questions:Give a specific example of how an animal uses its sensory system to guide behavior for the following modalities: tactile, vibration, vision, chemosensation.Tactile-star nosed moleVibration-echolocationVision-light wavelengthsChemosentsation-olfactory receptorsWhat types of information useful to behavior can be derived from light? How do these apply to stomatopod vision and behavior?Wavelength, intensity, polarityTrinocular vision in both eyes, separate photoreceptors for color analysis, eyes move independently on stalks, color and polarized vision.Do sensory systems simply report information about the world around us? How do we know this?Sensory system filteringWhat is feature detection? What are 3 levels at which feature detection can occur- describe them. Feature detection: organism filters information that contributes to its fitnessStructural-before sensory surfaceSensory-at the sensory surfaceNeural-in the brainCompare the presensory mechanisms we discussed for localizing sound in bats and cats? active sensing-animal seeking out relevant information-moving ears, whiskers, and echolocation-moving pinnaDescribe one presensory mechanism that amplifies sensory signals.The middle ear-22xs the pressure insideDescribe a behavioral presensory mechanism for feature detection.Sniffing and tongue flickingWhat are some types of adaptations for feature detection within sensory organs?Auditory tuning and eye foveaWhat are some of the advantages of having paired sensory organs? You can choose vision or hearing as an example.Information from both sides-processing togetherUse the existence of sensory maps as an argument for neural evolution.Important bits are overrepresented for the sense best adapted to that environmentWhat is the sensory drive hypothesis? How does it describe how sensory systems can play a role in speciation?Most used sensory systems driven by need in environmentUsing P. pundamilia and P. nyererei as an example, describe how a species that is broadly distributed across a varied sensory environment could eventually diverge into multiple species.Different sensory stimuli=different modalities neededHow do the examples of sensory drive we discussed involve multiple types of selection pressure?In the Ormia- Teleogryllus system, how does the parasite exert selection on its host? What was the result of this on the island of Kauai? What was the mechanism of the change in male chirping? What additional selection do you think might occur as a result of the changes in Teleogryllus behavior, on the female Teleogryllus and female Ormia?Ormia fly lays eggs on cricket which is later eaten-uses cricket chirps to