Sexual selection and reproductive strategies:Reading:What is one hypothesis that describes why the bowers of even closely related bowerbirds are so different in structure? Quote a few figures on the differences in size vs number of eggs vs sperm. What does the general term parental investment include in addition to the difference in size between eggsand sperm? Give a specific example.Define and give an example of a sex role reversal, explaining what features of male vs female strategies are ‘reversed’. What is ‘sexual selection’? What are two types of sexual selection? Give an example of each. What type of observation led Charles Darwin to come up with the idea of sexual selection as an adjunct to natural selection? (Target: 1-2 paragraphs)What is sexual dimorphism? Relate the degree of sexual dimorphism to whether animals are monogamous, polygynous, or polygamous.How can a low- ranking male baboon overcome the effects of the dominance hierarchy in his troop to increase his reproductive success?Describe 'satellite' strategies in the males of 2 animals. Contrast this with female mimicry.(Target: 1-2 paragraphs)Describe the 3 mating tactics of male sponge isopods. Are these conditional- why or why not? Over many generations, would you expect one of the tactics to dominate over the others, or for there to be a balance among tactics? Explain your answer. (Target: 1-2 paragraphs)What is one physical trait of damselflies that contributes to sperm competition? How doesthis work?Under what conditions should males guard their mates? Describe an experiment that tests this in the Seychelles warbler.What motivation does a male hangingfly have to provide a female with a costly nuptial gift?Describe the concept of 'sexual suicide' in the redback spider. How could this behavior possibly be adaptive? (Target: 1 paragraph)Describe one specific example of the association between a male bird's plumage and a trait that females find desirable. (To put it another way, could a male having good plumage indicate something about other beneficial traits that a female might want in a mate?)Explain the Hamilton and Zuk good genes theory in terms of resistance to parasitism. (Target: 1 paragraph)How was the good genes theory tested for gray treefrogs?How does 'chase-away' selection work? (Target: 1 paragraph)Describe one example of apparent conflict between sexes when it comes to reproductive strategies. Lecture:What is sexual selection? What is its relation to natural selection?type of natural selection that arises as a result of the selection of other individuals on mating behavior. Anything that increases mating success can be subject to sexual selection.What are the types and definitions of the 2 types of sexual selection? What is sexual dimorphism? What types of sexual dimorphism would you expect to result from intrasexual selection versus intersexual selection? Give examples.Intrasexual competition is competition for access to the limiting sex. -In a wide range of animals, this means that males compete for females. Intersexual selection - being choosy about your mateHow is the 'hawks vs doves' game representational of intrasexual selection? Under which conditions is the hawk strategy an ESS? Why?Hawk: always fight, never back downDove: may bluff, but always backs downHow do these strategies fare against each other?-if the cost of fighting is low, hawks are an ESS: doves cannot compete.-if the cost of fighting is high, doves can invade because the hawks all kill/disable each otherBest to be a hawk when rare. Best to be a dove when rare. At ESS-intersecting point on graph.What are some ways that males can lower the costs of competition with each other?Describe and give examples of these male tactics: mate guarding, sperm competition, sexual interference.mate guarding: warding off other males until their mating opportunities are over.sperm competition: remove a rival’s sperm but keep one’s own sperm in placesexual interference: when males promote their own reproductive success by decreasing the success of other males.Pick your favorite example of a system in which alternative male strategies are an ESS and describe: 1) the variation in male strategies, 2) why the system is an ESS- be specific.One example of an alternative strategy is seen in many nesting fish like bluegill sunfish. Males practice one of 3 strategies. 1)Some males command a territory in which females lay eggs.But other males may 2) sneak in (these are called satellite males), or even 3) resemble females to get closer to a dominant male’s nest and deposit sperm.Why did it take so long for intersexual selection to be an accepted area of scientific research?What is the term for the difference in gamete size between females and males?Gamete anisogamyDescribe the competitive game theoretic explanation for how gamete anisogamy affects male versus female reproductive behaviors. For the competitive game theory view of sexual selection, - What are the limitations on male vs female reproductive success?- Why is the operational sex ratio usually biased towards males?- Why is variation in female reproductive success usually less than variation in male reproductive success?Give 2 examples of how female choice has shaped specific male traits.Besides choosing a particular mate, how could females exert choice?State 4 factors that females can use to assess males as mates: what specific cues do females use to assess these factors?Under the broad category of females picking healthy males with good genes, distnguish between the handicap hypothesis and the sexy son hypothesis. What benefits are females passing to their offspring with each hypothesis?State the argument for the runaway selection hypothesis. Using proportions of different traits in the population of males and females, describe how a particular male trait and the female preference for that trait might become associated in individuals over many generations.What is the sensory exploitation hypothesis? Give a specific example of a system in which this might have been the driving force in the evolution of a male trait. How was thistested experimentally?Describe the cooperative game theoretic version of female versus female reproductive strategies: why did this idea arise?Does intersexual selection only consist of females choosing between males? If not, give a counter-example. If females compete and males choose, which sex should have the greatest average variation in reproductive