INTRODUCTIONTextbook reading: What are ‘proximate’ versus ‘ultimate’ explanations for behavior? Proximate-immediate-occur during animal’s lifetimeUltimate-evolutionary-affected by events in previous generationsWhat are two alternative hypotheses regarding the existence of infanticide by male langurs? How were they tested by Sara Hrdy? Which reflects the evidence better? Define what an ‘adaptive’ behavior is in this context.-overcrowding-females forced to mate again-Sara Hrdy-DNA testingWhy do we consider that natural selection acting on individuals rather than groups drives the evolution of traits? Give an example in animal behavior.Individual needs will trump group needsLecture questions:Explain what two of the three descriptors of ethology that we covered in the first lecture are, using examples.Ethology=biological study of behaviorComparative-provides insight into human behaviorEvolutionary-review of natural selectionScientific-scientific method and quantificiationExplain 2 reasons to use caution in extrapolating between behavioral research on humans and animals.Humans are conscientious and societally affectedGive examples of convergent and divergent patterns of evolution in behavior.Convergent-from unrelated groups, similar patterns evolveHive livingDivergent-common ancestor, evolve along different pathwaysEmpidid fly matingWhat are the basic tenets of evolution by natural selection?There is individual variation in behaviorBehavior is heritableDifferential reproduction can be due to behaviorHow do we know that behavior evolves?- give 2 ways, with examples.Natural selection and artificial selectionCrickets with intermediate calls to hide from predatorsDog breedingWhat are the steps of scientific method?Observe/question/hypothesis/prediction/test/concludeDescribe an example of how natural selection acts on behavior in conjunction with a physical trait.Review the steps of scientific method, and how they apply to one of the examples of behavioral studies we covered in class.Guarding meerkats-why guard when one can eat? Rejected initial hypothesisof guards eaten more-conclude-guard to increase own safetyWhat are proximate and ultimate questions about behavior? How did Niko Tinbergen further divide these into a set of 4 questions (define the 4 differentcategories).Proximate-how?Cause-mechanism (neural, hormonal, genetic, etc.)Development-establishment of behavior in young-changes in adultUltimate-why?Function-how does behavior contribute to fitnessEvolution-how does behavior change over