BIO 130 Final Exam Review of Old MaterialExam 1:- Interpreting graphs: I may ask you to interpret data presented in bar graphs, line graphs,or scatter plots. You should also be able to label a graph (axes, etc.).- Natural Selection: similar to other short answers, must include:a. Mutation occurred at some point, creating variation of alleles.b. Genes determined the traits and they were heritable, passed on to future generations.c. Differential reproduction occurred. Those with desired traits had a higher fitness because the trait allowed them to - which allowed them to reproduce more. d. Affect on evolution. # of individuals with desired trait increased in the population. They were more likely to survive and produce more babies. - Speciation: Be able to describe the process of speciation from the initial genetic isolationof populations to their eventual reproductive isolation. (To do this you should know the difference between genetic and reproductive isolation.) Explain how this process differs when speciation is allopatric versus sympatric.a. Speciation is a gradual process. There is genetic isolation and divergence via genetic drift, selection, and/or a mutation. It is either allopatric or sympatric.i. Allopatric: geographic isolation between two populations. Ex: road is suddenly paved and an original population is split into two.ii. Sympatric: niche isolation between two populations. Ex: fish live onopposite ends of a pond or different lizards live on different parts of the tree.- Phylogenetic trees: Be able to interpret a phylogenetic tree.a. know what a node, branch, tip, and root of a tree representb. be able to mark the origin of a trait on a phylogenetic treec. know the difference between a monophyletic and non-monophyletic group and be able to identify eachd. be able to infer evolutionary relatedness among taxa (which species or groups aremore closely related/share a more recent common ancestor than others)Exam 2:- Competition: type of species interaction, always has a negative affect on both species involved. It lowers the fitness of the individuals involved. a. Commensalism – (+/ 0)b. Competition – ( - / - )c. Consumption – ( + / - )d. Mutualism – ( + / + )e. Intraspecific competition – “within the species” is the competition for space, sunlight, food, and other resources within a population of the same species, and as it intensifies as the population’s density increases. It is a major cause of density-dependent growth. Ex: Male giraffes use their long necks to fight for females.f. Interspecific competition – “between species” occurs when individuals from different species use the same limiting resources. This tends to occur when the niches of two species overlaps. Ex: different species of birds in an environment compete for seeds of intermediate size – assuming the seeds are a limitedresource – these species are at a disadvantage because they are likely to acquire fewer seeds and have a lower fitness as a result.g. Competition over: food, sunlight, space, water, mates, etc.h. Competition not always physical: one example is when birds fight over the same type of berry but never actually come into contact with one another.i. Competitive exclusion – two species that occupy the same niche cannot coexist. This happens over many evolutionary generations however.j. Resource portioning – this is an evolutionary response to competitive exclusion that argues that over time the overlap of resources leads to coexistence. Natural selection favors species that don’t compete, thus over time their two niches will separate themselves (only after a long period of time).k. go over fundamental niche graphs - Nutrient Cycling: Explain how human activities, such as agriculture (irrigation and fertilizer addition), devegetation, and fossil fuel combustion impact the water, carbon, and/or nitrogen cycles. What effect do each of these changes have on ecosystem processes? Be familiar with how carbon and nitrogen cycle locally in an ecosystem as well as how carbon, nitrogen, and water cycle globally. a. Agriculture: creates soil run off with irrigation and nutrients and fertilizer are more often washed into streams/rivers. These toxic chemicals create nitrogen problems for all marine and aquatic life.b. Devegetation: clearing of tropical forest to plant crops creates much less detritus input, which means less decomposition, which means fewer soil nutrients, so then the agriculture is unsustainable. It also decreases the global NPP.c. Fossil fuels: burning of fossil fuels creates more nitrogen which can travel throughout streams, rivers, and oceans to create algal blooms that require lots of respiration in addition to photosynthesis which are hypoxic conditions for marine life so they die. Increased uses of fossil fuels also strongly correlates to rising global temperatures with increasedamounts of CO2 given off.d. Globally: CO2 levels, nitrogen levels, and temperature have all risen andocean water has become increasingly acidic as well. Causing problems across the world for species survival in aquatic environments who can only survive in waters of certain pH levels. The level where soil is saturated with stored water is dropping on every continent. - Climate Change: Focus on the predicted effects of climate change on organisms. a. Species are dramatically being affected. Tb. No, species do not all react in the same way to climate change.c. As the climate changes, species may move to more suitable habitats toward the poles, toward higher altitudes, or toward areas of adequate precipitation. Mismatches such as this can act as an agent of natural selection and cause evolutionary change or can result in extinctions.d. Phenology is the timing of seasonal events. This has been changing due to climate change and as a result different species in an ecosystem do not necessarily have the same synchronized changes in their timings. These miss matches interrupt trophic interactions and species interactions. This could cause alocal extinction such as a bird species relying on species of caterpillars for food. When feeding time occurs however and the caterpillars no longer hatch at the same time, birds will start and go extinct unless they move or find a new food