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UT Knoxville BIOL 130 - Notes, Lecture 6

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AnnouncementsEukaryote EvolutionProtistsExam 223_BIO130_0408144/08/2014Bio 130 TR 12:40-1:55p AnnouncementsGrades from Exam 2 are on Blackboard and scantrons are being handed out in lab.The Big Ideas writing assignment is due a week from today, on April 15th. Eukaryote Evolution Nuclear envelope Surrounds DNA  Separates transcription and translation of DNA Helps manage and regulate gene expressionIt is uncertain how and when the origin of nucleus evolved. Did it happen before or after mitochondria? It and the endoplasmic reticulum formed from infoldings of the plasma membrane.ProtistsProtists are all eukaryotes except for land plants, animals and fungi. Single-celled and multicellular organisms. Protists are a polyphyletic group A monophyletic group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants There is an extreme amount of morphological, reproductive, metabolic and ecologic diversity among protists.Morphological (Structure and Function) Many have cell walls and cytoskeletons Multicellularity evolved multiple times In multicellular organisms, all cells have the same DNA but the genes are expressed differentlyReproduction Asexual through mitosis, the offspring is identical to parent. The disadvantage is there is no genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction through meiosis. The offspring differ from the parent. The genes crossing over increases variation by splitting up the alleles that occur on the same chromosome. Crossing over does not change alleles, but just creates different combinations. This creates more genetic diversity. Alternation of Generations – Diploids and haploids alternate by generation.Metabolism (Transformations of Energy and Matter)Chemoheterotrophs consume prey whole or absorb organic molecules from the environment. Photoautotrophs have chloroplasts for photosynthesis. The chloroplast evolved through endosymbiosis; the protist absorbed a cyanobacteria. The engulfed cell was a cyanobacteria. The cell originally obtainedcarbon through ingesting other organisms.After endosymbiosis it obtained carbon from photosynthesis and CO2. The chloroplast provides the cell with glucose (fixed C2) and O2 and the protists provides the chloroplast withprotection. Ecology (systems)Phototroph ChemotrophAutotrophPhotoautotroph N/AHeterotrophN/A ChemoheterotrophMany protists are the primary producers in aquatic habitats. They can be harmful to humans through toxic algal blooms or malaria. (Review this info in the textbook).Exam 2Average: 76.4%Median: 77.8%Natural selection question: 1. Mutation led to variation2. Heritability – The trait is caused by genes and can be passed to offspring3. Differential reproduction4. EvolutionFertilizers (inorganic nutrients for plants) affect the nitrogen cycle by adding N2 into the ecosystem.Fossil fuel combustion adds CO2 into the


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UT Knoxville BIOL 130 - Notes, Lecture 6

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