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UT Knoxville BIOL 130 - BIO 130 Lecutre 21 Review Qestions

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BIO 130 Review QuestionsDalrymple Spring 2014Lecture 21 (Ch 31)The final exam is worth 200 points and is partially cumulative. Roughly 125 points will come from questionsfrom the last section of the course on Biodiversity and ~75 points will be over material from earlier in the semester. These questions will help guide your studying for the new material.1. For each of the following structures, list the function it serves in an organism and why it was an important innovation in the evolutionary history of plants. For the traits in bold, be able to map their origin (where they first evolved) on a phylogenetic tree. Cuticle – waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leavesStomata – pores tha tallow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues, and are opened and closed by guard cells. Often on the underside of leaves.Vascular tissue – presence of lignin (complex polymer built from six-caron rings and effective in resisting compressing forces such as gravity) in the cell walls of water-conducting cells allowed early plants to support erect stems and transport water from roots to aboveground tissues. Seeds – structure that includes an embryo and food supply surrounded by a touch coat that allows for effective dispersal of embryos. Flowers – most diverse living plants today. Contains the stamen and carpel. It was key for the evolution of the ovary in the carpel which helps protect female gametophytes from insects and other predators. Also double fertilization from the anter/stamen is another adaptive significance.Fruit – the evolution of the ovary made the evolution of fruit possible. Fruit is structurethat is derived from the ovary and encloses one or more seeds. This made seed dispersalpssible as animals eat the fruit containing its seeds.Pollen – can be exposed to the air for long periods of time without dying from dehydration which meant plants lost their dependence on water to accomplish fertilization. Cuticle stomatavascular tissuepollenseedsfruitflowersPlantaegreen algae land plants vascular plants seed plants2. Which of the following traits evolved only once in the history of life? Which evolved independently more than once?- Nucleus - Mitochondrion- Chloroplast- Cell wall- Multicellularity- Vascular tissue - 1- Cuticle- Seed – 1 - Flower - 1- Fruit - 1- Pollen - 1- Alternation of generation - 13. What feeding strategy do land plants use? [How do plants obtain energy? How do they obtain fixed carbon (carbon-containing building block compounds) necessary for maintenance and growth?]a. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reduce it to make sugars for which they use to maintain and grow. They are primary producers who convert energy in sunglight into chemical energy. The sugars that they produce through photosynthesis supports virtuallyall of the other organisms.4. Did the divergence of land plants from algae occur in allopatry or sympatry? What type of event would have led to the genetic isolation of the original land plant population from the protist population it diverged from? (Hint: Think back to the different modes of speciation we learned aboutearlier in the semester.)a. Land plants and algae are from the same monophyletic group. Land plants evolved from green algae. This likely was allopatric speciation because the population could have been geographical separated thus causing them to adapt and evolve differently. 5. How were the abiotic conditions encountered on land different from those in the freshwater environment the earliest land plant ancestors came from? Which of these would have been sources ofenvironmental stress? Which would have been resources that were beneficial to plants?a. Many plants encountered dry, terrestrial habits, forested swamps, etc. with different variations of light and carbon dioxide. Light is more available on land compared to the ocean/water life. Carbon dioxide is more abundant in the atmosphere and diffuses more readily there than it does in water. Natural selection favored early land plants with adaptations that solved the drying problems, those that prevented water loss, provided protection from UV radiation, and moving water from tissues with direct access to water to tissues without direct access. 6. What adaptations in plants allowed them to survive in dry conditions and stand upright?a. Vascular tissue made of lignin 7. Which trait(s) helped plants reproduce in a dry environment? a. Evolution of elaborate gametangium because it protected gametes from drying and from mechanical damage. They also had thicker walled spores and the embyophyte condition, andthey also had the alternation of generations.8. Which trait(s) allowed plant offspring to disperse away from their parent?a. Alternation of generations evolved then sporophyte-dominated life cycles because of their diploid cells that could respond to varying environmental conditions more efficiently than haploid cells can. 9. Animals were important sources of selection pressure during the evolution of the Angiosperms. Biologists hypothesize that animals were particularly influential in driving the evolution of flowers and fruits in the angiosperms. What types of plant-animal interactions were involved in the evolutionof flowers and fruits, respectively?a. Pollination/fertilization(You should be able to answer the questions below after Tuesday’s lecture)10. What is an adaptive radiation? Explain why the evolution of the Angiosperm clade qualifies as an adaptive radiation. Why are ecologists interested in adaptive radiations?a. Adaptive radiation – single lineage produces a large number of descendant species that are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. b. Angiosperms originated from one single lineage but evolved throughi. Water-conducting vesselsii. Flowersiii. Fruitsiv. All these traits allowed them to transport water, pollen, and seeds more efficiently. v. Understanding these relationships throughtout the angiosperm phylogenetic tree is 11. According to the directed-pollination hypothesis, what is the cause of the diverse flower morphologies exhibited in nature? a. Hypothesis – natural selection has favored flower colors and shapes and scents that are successful in attracting particular types of pollinators. The relationship between flowering plants and their pollinators is mutually beneficial. 12. Provide an example of how flowers and fruits would have evolved in response to animal


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UT Knoxville BIOL 130 - BIO 130 Lecutre 21 Review Qestions

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