CHAPTER I THE EVOLUTION OFPSYCHOLOGY SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOlOgY structuralism wondt and Titchener break down conciousness intoessential elements Find relation between elements introspection personal observation ofou r thoughts feelings and behaviors Functionalism William James conscious experiences investigate Function or purpose ofconsciousness consciousness serves an adaptere purpose helps us survive consciousness is shaped by experiences and the environment Movements ofpsychology Behaviorism 1913 John B Watson Ivan Parlor B F Skinner effects ofenvironment on the observable behavior ofhumans and animals only observable events can be stroied scientifically unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders humans are Free rational beings with the Potential For personal growth diferentfrom animals Psychoanalytic 1900 Frevo Carl Jung Alfred Ader unconscious determinants ofbehavior Humanism 1950 cari rogers Abraham Maslow unique aspects ofhuman experience Cognitive 1950s Jean Piaget Chomsky HerbertSimon thoughts mental processes 1 Biological 1950S Oos Sperry Hubel Wiesel human behavior cannot be fully understood withoutexamining how people acquire store and process in Fo physiological genetic and neural bases ofbehavior in humans and animals and biochemical processes organism s Functions are explained in terms ofthe brain structure Evolutionary 1980s Buss Daly Wilson Cosmides Tooby Evolutionary bases ofbehavior in humans and animals Behavior patterns have evolved tosolve adaptive problems natural selection behaviors reproductive success Positive psychology stoy ofpositive emotions positive traits and positive Institutions and communities Focus building strengths and remediating weaknesses Domains 3 components ofhappiness positive emotions hedonicwellbeing Engagement Using positive individual traits talents Persuitofliving eudemonic wellbeing belonging or serving intitutions Mental health Deciano Ryan Feeling ofcompetence autonomy and relatedness Areas ofpsychology Clinical diagnosis and treatmentofproblems and disorders Developmental human developmentacross the lifespan Social Interpersonal behavior and the role ofSocial Forces in behavior industrial how toselectand train employees organizational motivation teamwork leadership personality individualsconsistency in behavior identify and classifybehavior Biological Neuroscience examines influence ofgenetic factors on behavior nervous system hormones Quantitative develop methods and techniques For the measurementofbehavior and other attributes cognitive Focuses on higher mental processes memory reasoning informative decision making Goals orPsychology 1 Describe behavior 2 explain behavior 3 Predictbehavior 4 control or change behavior nudging altering behavior in a subtle way choice architecture organizing the contextin which people mare choices CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH ENTERPRISEIN PSYCHOLOOY Research terms hypothesis theory variation manipulate more than one independentvariable interaction between variables independentvariable more than one dependent variable more completepicture ofthe effects ofIV dependentvariable avasi experimental design independentvariable can tbe manipulated experimental group contounding orvariables variables are linked in a way thatmakes it control group difficult to sort outtheir separateeffects third variables operational definition description ofactions that will be used tomeasure or control a variable random assignment all subjects have an equal chance ofbeing assigned toany group differential response rate reactivity change ofbehavior caused by the presence ofOthers moderator InFivence independentvariable before the study occur gender age race mediator explains process through which two variables are related Research methods advantages case study In depth investigation ofa single individual using directinterview directobservation review ofrecords suited for the study ordisorders and therapeutic practices can provide compelling illustrations tosupportor undermine a theory disadvantages makes iteasy tosee whatone expects tosee no casual conclusions samples are no trepresentative sample bias surveys interview or questionary togather into advantages data collection is easy saves time and money if anonimus people are more honest can targetresponses disadvantages no causal conclusions self reportdata can be unreliable social desirabilitybias memory lapses Experimental research manipulation ofindependentvariable under controlled variables tosee changes in dependent variable precise control can eliminatealternative explanation for Findings Natural observation observation in natural setting and withoutintervention advantages 9000 starting point can be used for animals and humans disadvantages can be expensive and time consuming lacko fstatistical control reactivity advantages cause effectconclusions disadvantages confounding variables artificialsituations laboratories risky togeneralize Findings correlational stroies how two variables relate two each other strength how close the variables are related to each other direction advantage positive variables more in same way 304y negative variables moving in oppositedirections so I Firststepin devising more controlled experiments disadvantages thirdvariables correlation causation Method issues and solutions sample bias Sample is notrepresentative ofpopulation ofinterest random selection Bias in SEIF report multiple methOOS OFassessment experimenter bias experimental blinding expectations placebos Descriptive statistics Finding meaningful patterns and summaries in large sets ofdata mean numeric average ofa data set median halfway markin a setofdata halfo fscores are above and have below mode mostFrequently occurring score in a set ofdata stanoaro deviation how tightly clustered a group ofscores is around the mean skew Positive negative 1 1 CHAPTER3 BIOLOGICAL BASES OFBEHAVIOR receives into From Other nervous contains cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery Soma neuron carry into as electro chemical Imprises basic unitOfComm receive integrateandtransmit glial cells PrOCt SUPPOrt and repair neurons less involved in transmition transmitnervo messages toother neurons Fatty material thatmakes transmition Faster Transmission ofneural information SOOiumPOtaSSiUm PUM neuron atrest polarized sodium goes outside 3 neuron is working outside is more positive Potassium goes Inside 2 7 depolarized inside is more negative inside becomes even