Chapter one The Evolution of Psychology 1 Know the different schools of psychology e g structuralists functionalists including the people associated with them e g Wundt Structuralists understood the elements of consciousness break consciousness down into component parts understand how elements are related Wundt Tietchener depend on introspection the careful systematic self observation of one s own conscious experience Functionalists investigate functions of consciousness rather than structure led to investigation of mental testing developmental patterns and sex differences William James psychology is embedded in a network of cultural and intellectual influences 2 Know the different approaches to psychology e g behaviorism psychodynamic humanistic positive psychology including the people associated with them What areas comprise positive psychology What is the broaden and build hypothesis What is choice architecture What is nudging Behaviorism only observable events can be studied scientifically effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans animals John Watson Ivan Pavlov BF Skinner Psychoanalytic unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders Humanistic humans are free rational beings with potential for personal growth and they unconscious determinants of behavior Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler are fundamentally different from animals unique aspects of human experience Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow store and process information thoughts mental process Jean Piget Noam Chomsky Herbert Simon Cognitive human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire Positive Psychology study of positive emotions positive character traits and enabling institutions focus on building strength and remediating weakness does environment foster positive traits Martin Seligman Three domains of positive psychology 1 positive emotion pleasant life positive emotion about the past present and future 2 engagement the engaged life using positive individual traits such as strengths or talents 3 meaning the meaningful life the pursuit of meaning belonging to or serving positive institutions family community religion Broaden and Build hypothesis being stressed out limits your thoughts and cognitive abilities and your attention tends to narrow Positive emotions like joy and peace will make you more flexible and broadening your emotions will lead to a healthier lifestyle Fredrickson Choice Architecture shaping the environment so people make decisions putting fruit at the grocery checkout corner instead of candy would make people eat more fruit Nudging using peoples natural tendencies the path of least resistance fly on toilet decreased spillage Fun Theory helping people make decisions based on trying to make those activities fun piano on steps instead of escalator play with natural reinforcement 3 Know the different areas of psychology e g developmental psychology clinical psychology etc Clinical diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior assessment intelligence testing Developmental how people grow and develop across a life span how their cognitive abilities and relationships change over time conservation understand that things stay the same amount even if the appearance changes video with kids cups of water Social helping behavior compliance stereotypes group behavior aggression attitudes schemas attraction emphasizes experience of people as they exist within groups and as they interact with other people looks at compliance peer pressure stereo types attraction video about women s attraction to men Industrial Organizational industrial focused on selection hiring organizational how to make organizations work more effectively working in a company Personality consistency of personal characteristics over time and situations marshmallow video showing self discipline patience delayed gratification older kids could wait longer those who were able to wait were more competent later Biological if your parents have depression do you get it too Are there brain differences in people with disorders Effects of medications on people s symptoms What is a theory Theory general explanation of how things work based on a number of systematic operations 4 5 system of ideas used to explain a number of observations theories used to generate hypothesis What are the goals of psychology Description explanation prediction control Want to explain underlying mechanisms why does behavior occur control control your environment Chapter two The Research Enterprise in Psychology 1 Know these terms hypothesis a prediction expectation of how things will behave under certain circumstances based on theory independent variable condition or event that an experiment varies in order to see its impact on another variable dependent variable the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable experimental group subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable control group similar subjects who do NOT receive the special treatment confounding variable occurs when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects operational definition refers to a description of the specific procedures and measurements used in a study clarifying variables so that you can repeat the experiment quasi experimental design when independent variables can t be manipulated random sample Everyone has equal chance of being in study representative sample make sure sample represents country as whole random selection everyone has equal chance of being in the study random assignment occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study outliers any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a study differential response rate if only 40 300 students answered the results are not generalizable to a larger group of students reflexivity when you know you re being watched 2 Understand correlations including strength and direction and advantages and disadvantages correlation exists when two variables are related to each other strength size of coefficient indicates strength 0 no relationship 1 direct relationship direction positive two variables co vary in same direction negative two variables co vary in opposite direction advantage prediction disadvantage causation does a cause effect