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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Eleven- The Personality

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I. Sigmund Freud and the Psychoanalytical PerspectiveA. Personality is an individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.i. Sigmund Freud contributed the Psychoanalytical Perspective and it emphasizes three factors:1. influence of unconscious mental processes2. importance of sexual and aggressive instincts3. the enduring consequences of early childhood experiencesB. Levels of Awarenessi. conscious: thoughts a person is currently aware of, for ie, right now thinking about Freudii. preconscious: thoughts and memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind. For ie, now thinking of how hungry you areiii. unconscious: thoughts, feelings, and memories that are blocked from conscious thought. For ie, at this moment your unconscious level contains an array of aggressive impulses, sexual desires, and occasional irrational thoughts.C. Personality Structurei. Freud believed the personality is composed of three psychological processes - the id, ego, and superego.1. Id is completely unconscious. It consist of sexual and aggressive instincts and drives. It is impulsive, irrational, and immature. It wants immediate gratification and to avoid discomfort. “DEVIL”2. Ego is rational and practical. It operates on a reality principle seeking to mediate between the demands of the id and superego. It attempts to get an appropriate and timely gratification of desires.3. Superego is partly conscious. This is the “conscience”. It seeks to enforce ethical conduct. “ANGEL”D. Ego Defense Mechanismsi. Anxiety results when the ego can’t find a realistic compromise, so it uses unconscious distortions of reality called defense mechanisms to reduce the anxiety.ii. Repression: preventing bad thoughts from entering the consciousness. It’s the first and most basic form of anxiety reduction. For ie, you forget the details of what you said when you broke up with your boyfriend.iii. Projection: Transferring one’s own unacceptable thoughts to others. For ie you don’t like a coach, and then insists they dislike you.iv. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge anxiety-producing information. For ie, you refuse to admit you have a drinking problem even though you drink every day.v. Reaction Formation: Behaving in a way that is the opposite of your own unacceptable thoughts and feelings. For ie, you take care of a sick relative whom you actually despite.vi. Displacement: Redirecting anger and other unacceptable impulses toward a less-threatening person. For ie, you yell at a teammate after being criticized by your coach.vii. Rationalization: Justifying one’s actions by using socially acceptable explanations. For ie, you deal with being rejected by a college by saying you really didn’t want to attend.viii. Regression: retreating from a threatening situation by reverting to a pattern of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development. For ie, you throw a temper tantrum when your parents refuse to extend your curfew.E. Criticisms of Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspectivei. Evidence is drawn from a small number of patients, his concepts are impossible to measure, and his theories often reflect a sexist view of woman.II. The Neo-FreudiansA. Introductioni. Freud’s followers included Alfred Adler and Carl Jung.B. Alfred Adleri. Believed that infants and young children are helpless and dependent on others. This situation produces deep feelings of weakness and inadequacy called an inferiority complex.ii. Adler believed that individuals deal with feelings of inferiority in either of two ways:1. Compensate by striving to improve themselves2. By developing a superiority complexC. Carl Jungi. Like Freud, Jung stressed the unconscious, but also distinguished between the personal unconscious and the collective unconsciousii. The personal unconscious are the experiences, which are unique to each individual. The collective unconscious refers to that part of a person’s unconscious that is common to all human beings. For ie, shared human experiences that are in myths and cultural archetypes, such as the wise godmother, the hero, and the rebellious son.III. The Humanist Perspective on PersonalityA. Carl Rogersi. Offered an optimistic view that people are innately good, constructive, and trustworthy. For him, self-concept was the cornerstone of a person’s personality.ii. People whose self-concept matches their experiences usually have high self-esteem and better mental health.iii. He believes people are motivated to achieve their full potential parents should set unconditional positive regard for their children to be accepted and loved without question or conditionsB. Abraham Maslowi. Stressed humans have a natural drive to find self-fulfillment and realize their potential. For ie, the hierarchy of needs. Maslow viewed self-actualization as an ongoing process of


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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Eleven- The Personality

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