Slide 1TopicsSlide 3AttributionAttributionsAttributionsCulture & AttributionsAttractionAttractionLoveLoveAttraction: Evolutionary PerspectiveSlide 13What is an attitude?Components of AttitudesAttitude DimensionsTypes of AttitudesImplicit AttitudesAttitude changeTheories of Attitude Formation & ChangeLearning TheoryLearning TheoryCognitive DissonanceExample of Cognitive DissonanceWhat else is Social psychology?What else is it?Slide 27What is an emotion?Emotions – Background & TheoriesEmotions – Background & TheoriesBasicBasicPsychological ConstructionismPsychological ConstructionismEmotion Research – What is it?Emotion Research – Why is it important?Holly’s ResearchCultural DifferencesEmotion Regulation – Self-TalkSelf-conscious AffectShamingShamingShamingGuilting?Social PsychologyTopics•Prejudice, discrimination, and diversity•Gender•Self and social identity•Group behavior•Prosocial behavior•Social influence, attitudes, and social cognition•Interpersonal relations•Close relationships•Cultural psychology•Emotions•And more…“…because no one—not even the National Science Foundation—can argue that falling in love is a science” - Senator William Proxmire(Harris, 1978)Attribution•How do we explain behavior?–Our own behavior–The behavior of others•Locus of cause of behavior (Fritz Heider)–Internal vs. ExternalAttributions•Locus of cause of behavior–External vs. Internal•Stability of causes (permanence)Unstable StableInternal EffortMoodFatigueAbilityIntelligenceExternalLuckChanceOpportunityTask DifficultyAttributions•Bias–The fundamental attribution error•Actor-observer bias–Self-serving bias–Gender biasCulture & Attributions•Individualism vs. Collectivism–Fundamental attribution error–Self-serving bias–Self-effacing biasAttraction•Physical attractiveness•Similarity•Proximity–Physical distance vs. functional distance–Mere exposure–Culture/ethnic differences and personal space•ReciprocityAttraction•Attribution of arousal•Halo effect–Advertising–Reverse halo effect•Passionate complete absorption in another person includes sexual feeling and agony and ecstasy•Companionate warm trusting tolerant affection for another person whoee life is intertwined with your own •Intimacy•CommitmentLove•Passionate•Companionate•Intimacy•CommitmentLovePassionate and Companionate lovePassionIntimacyCommitmentTimeLevelAttraction: Evolutionary Perspective•Physical attractiveness as an indicator of reproductive potential•Gender differences in mate preferenceAttitudesWhat is an attitude?Evaluations of a person, place, thing or eventCan be negative or positiveComponents of AttitudesAttitudesAffectBehaviorCognitionCognition = beliefs and ideas (schema)Behavior = “predispositions to act”Affect = emotionsAttitude DimensionsStrength•Various viewpoints•In general, stronger the attitude the less likely it is to changeAccessibility•Time it takes to come to mind•Highly accessible attitudes come to mind quickly•Correlated with strength•Stronger higher accessibilityAmbivalence•Attitude is not completely positive or completely negative•Highly ambivalent attitudes are malleableTypes of AttitudesExplicit attitudessometimes referred to as controlled attitudesconscious or overt attitudesExample: political viewpointImplicit attitudessometimes referred to as automatic attitudesunconscious or covert attitudesExample: prejudiceImplicit AttitudesOf particular interest since they may unconsciously influence one’s behaviorHow are they tested?IAT – Implicit Association Test – example given in next lecture and in the bookAnd more…Attitude changeAttitude change may be referred to as persuasion or influencePersuasion is a broad term and can refer to the influence or change in someone’s attitudes, beliefs, intentions, or behaviorsTheories of Attitude Formation & Change Learning Theory Dissonance Theory – Cognitive Dissonance Elaboration Likelihood Model (explained in the book)Learning TheoryParents Peers Media CultureLearning Theory Evaluative conditioning◦Transfer the emotion from an US to a new CS◦Used by marketers (advertisements and commercials) Operant condition◦Stating an opinion and reactions from others reinforces or weaken attitude Observational learning◦Exposure to viewpoints may influence your own attitudes (family, friends, teachers etc.)Cognitive Dissonance Occurs in one of two instances:a person has at least two beliefs, ideas, values, or attitudes that are inconsistent a person is presented with information that is inconsistent with their current beliefs, ideas, values or attitudesMay lead to:People to change their belief or attitudeChange the inconsistent cognition Justify their behavior by changing or adding to their knowledge base (new cognition)Ignore or deny itExample of Cognitive DissonanceWhat else is Social psychology?What else is it? As previously mentioned social psychology:◦Examines how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people (real, imagined, implied)◦The book focuses on social behavior, but important factors of this include social perception and social interaction Social psychologists examine:◦Already discussed: attributions, attraction, attitudes◦Also examines: person perception, conformity and obedience, group behavior, motivation, altruism, decision-making, emotions, morality, self-regulation, communication, social cognition, self-concept Difference between sociology and social psychology:◦Sociology: more broad level – institutions and culture influences of behavior◦Social Psychology: more specific and situational based◦The two are similar, but differ in how they examine behavior and at what levelSpecific focus of two of your TA’s work is…EMOTIONSWhat is an emotion?Emotions – Background & TheoriesBooks often give a vague definition◦Something about consciousness, physiology, expression/behaviorBasicAppraisalPsychological ConstructionismSocial Constructionism 4 different theories of emotions (different than the ones in the book)Emotions – Background & TheoriesBooks often give a vague definition◦Something about consciousness, physiology, expression/behaviorBasicPsychological Constructionism 4 different theories of emotions (different than the ones in the