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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Nine- Developmental Psychology

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I. Studying DevelopmentA. Nature vs. Nurture○ Developmental Psychology is the study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death.○ Led by John Locke who argued that at birth our minds were a tabula rasa (blank slate). Nurturists continued to believe that development occurs through learning and personal experience.○ The Naturist perspective believes in a sequence of genetically programmed processes of growth and development that occurs over time, such as age-related learning.B. Continuity vs. Discontinuity○ The continuity approach argues that development is a continuous process as new abilities, skills, and knowledge are added at a gradual pace.○ In discontinuity, many argue that development occurs through a series of distinct stages. Stage theories have an important role in developmental psychology.C. Research Methods○ Longitudinal Method measures a single individual or group over an extended period time○ Cross-Sectional Method compares individuals of various ages at one point in timeII. Prenatal DevelopmentA. The Prenatal Period begins at conception and ends at birth. ○ The first 10 days after conception the fertilized egg, or zygote becomes an embryo. After 8 weeks, the developing embryo becomes a fetus. The fetal stage lasts until birth.B. Teratogens are toxic substances that can harm the fetus, for ie, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and viruses.III. The Neonatal or Newborn StageA. Sensory Abilities○ The neonatal period extended from birth and 1 month of age. Newborns can respond to sweet, salty, and bitter tastes. They can see close objects and are attracted to female voices.B. Reflexes○ Newborns are equipped with reflexes to help them survive. For ie, grasping reflex enables them to cling to their mother; postural reflex enables them to sit with support and rooting reflex enables them to turn toward the source of touchIV. Development During InfancyA. Brain Development○ The brain and nervous system are rapidly growing. By age 2, the brain is 75% of its adult weight and size.○ People can’t remember events that occurred when they were infants because many brain circuits weren’t fully connected.B. Motor Development provides a good illustration of the maturation process.○ Infants roll over at 3 months, sit at 5.5 months, stand alone at 11.5 months, walk at 12 months, and walk up steps at 17 months.C. Language Development○ Chomsky believed “every child had an innate ability to learn language.”○ Parents in every culture use “baby talk” to encourage language development. Motherese uses the distinct pronunciation of words, like “bye-bye”, or ”night-night”○ Infants follow a patterned sequence of language development beginning with cooing, then babbling at 9 months. Near their first birthday, they will say their first words.○ Soon after the first words, they begin building sentences. By age 3, the typical child has a vocabulary of 3k words.D. Mary Ainsworth and Attachment○ Attachment is the strong bond of affection between a child and caregiver.○ A secure attachment forms when the infant’s needs are met by being warm and responsive.○ An insecure attachment forms when caregivers fail to meet the infant’s needs by being neglectful and inconsistent.○ She developed the Strange Situation to measure attachment. She found infants were more willing to explore a room with the mother there than with a stranger only present.○ Current research shows a securely attached infant has good social skills and form better relationships than insecurely attached infants, even in school.E. Harry Harlow and Contact Comfort○ In the monkey experiment, the infant monkey clung to the cloth mother even when the wire mother had a bottle. He concluded that physical touch plays a big role in developing health, growth, and normal socialization.V. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentA. Importance○ Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development and each stage shows changes in how a child thinks and understands the worlda. Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage - birth to age 2 - At the beginning of this stage, baby lacks object permanence, or understanding that objects continue to exist even if they cannot be seen.b. Stage 2: Preoperational Stage - age 2 to 7 - This is the pre-logical stage. Children begin to develop the ability to engage in symbolic thought- using words, images, and symbols to represent the world. Children also use egocentrism- the ability to consider another’s point of view, animistic thinking- when they believe that inanimate objects, such as the sun, have feelings.■ Kids also use irreversibility - child’s inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events, and centration - a child can only focus on just aspect of a situation, for ie, “Why can’t Jack understand that Olivia’s divided cookie is the same as his whole cookie?”c. Stage 3: The Concrete Operational Stage - age 7 to 11 - Here, children can apply logical thought to concrete objects and events. Kids can grasp the concept of reversibility and the principle of conservation.d. Stage 4: The Formal Operational Stage - adolescence through adulthood - It is characteristized by the ability to think logically about abstract concepts. For ie, knowing about dishonesty, integrity.VI. Social and Emotional DevelopmentA. Temperament - an individual’s characteristic manner of behavior and probably has a strong genetic base. Parenting styles and social interaction can modify a child’s temperament.B. Three Parenting Styles○ Permissive - set few rules, make minimal demands, and allow children to reach their own decisions. These children tend to be impulsive, immature, and fail to respect others.○ Authoritative - set firm rules, make reasonable demands, and listen to the child’s viewpoint, while still insisting on responsible behaviors. These children tend to be well-adjusted, goal oriented, and socially competent.○ Authoritarian - set rigid rules, enforce strict punishments and rarely listen to the child’s viewpoint. These children are moody, aggressive and lack good communication skills.VII. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentA. He says we develop, we go through eight stages of development. Each stage corresponds to a physical change and will gradually develop a stable identity.B. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust - Birth to Age 1○ The role played the mother with in the family setting is important. Inconsistent,


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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Nine- Developmental Psychology

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