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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Seven- Memory (Cognition)

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I. MemoryA. Cognition○ Mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and recovering knowledge○ Memory creates an internal record of an experienceB. Basic Tasks○ Encoding: acquiring information into the memory system○ Storage: retaining information over time○ Retrieval: recovering information from memory storageII. Stage 1: Sensory MemoryA. Function○ Everything that our senses hear, see, taste, touch, and smell enters our sensory memory○ Sensory memories give a sense of flow and continuity to experience that would otherwise seem to be confusing○ Its capacity is large, but not unlimited. Visual images are held up to ½ second and auditory messages 2 to 4 seconds.○ Iconic memory: records visual information○ Echoic memory: records auditory informationIII. Stage 2: Short-Term Memory (Working Memory)A. Function○ The temporary storage site where sensory information is processed, evaluated, and analyzed. The information can be forgotten or added to a long-term memory.B. Capacity and Duration○ Short-term memory has limited capacity. It typically holds seven pieces of information.○ It holds information for approximately 30 seconds.C. Extending the Capacity and Duration of Short-Term Memory○ Chunks and Chunking: when you group separate chunks of information into a new unit○ Maintenance Rehearsal: process of repeating information to keep it in short-term memory○ Elaborative Rehearsal: process by which new information is actively reviewed and related to information already stored in long-term memoryIV. Long-Term MemoryA. Functions○ It serves as a storehouse of information and when properly organized information is readily available for retrievalB. Capacity and Duration○ The capacity is unlimited and the duration can be permanent.C. Procedural Memory○ Includes motor skills, habits, and other memories of how things are done, for ie, riding a bike or tying shoesD. Declaration Memory○ Includes episodic memory that stores memories of personal experiences and events … and semantic memory that stores memories of facts and general knowledgeV. Retrieval and Long-Term MemoryA. The Serial-Position Effect○ Primacy Effect: information from the beginning of a list is remembered better than material in the middle○ Recency Effect: information from the end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle.B. Retrieval Cues○ Recall: the use of a general cue to retrieve a memory. For ie, writing down information without using your notes○ Recognition: the use of a specific cue to retrieve a memoryVI. ForgettingA. The Forgetting Curve○ Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted research on forgetting and found most meaningless memories are lost shortly after learning and after this initial plunge, the rate of forgetting levels off, and then slowly declines. For ie, learning names at a party and quickly forgetting them.B. Interference Theory○ Forgetting takes place when one memory must compete with another similar memory. The similarity between the two memories creates interference and forgetting.■ Proactive Interference: occurs when old information interference with recalling new information■ Retroactive Interference: occurs when new information interferes with recalling old informationC. Encoding Failure○ Encoding failure occurs when poorly encoded information is passed from the short-term memory to the long-term memory. In other words you must pay attention to what you are doing. For ie, texting a friends while parking a car might result in not knowing where the car is parked later.D. Retrieval Failure○ Retrieval Failure is when information is stored in long-term memory, but is unavailable, for ie, test anxiety.VII. AmnesiaA. Basic Definition○ A severe loss of memoryB. Retrograde Amnesia○ Retrograde amnesia is when people are unable to remember some or all of their past. For ie, because of auto accidents.C. Anterograde Amnesia○ Anterograde amnesia is when people are unable to form new memories, for ie, a person with epilepsyVIII. Memory DistortionA. The human memory is far from perfect. Important details can be changed, exaggerated, and even deleted. Elizabeth Luftus did a famous experiment on memory distortion.B. The Misinformation Effect○ A person’s existing memories can be altered if a person is exposed to misleading information. For ie, Loftus’ study of the automobile accident.IX. Strategies For Memory ImprovementA. Mnemonics○ Using mnemonics is making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory. For ie, the poem for learning the number of days in a monthB. Acronyms○ Acronyms involve creating a code word from the first letters of the items you want to remember. For ie, “HOMES” for the Great LakesX. LanguageA. Definition○ A form of communication using spoken and written words and gestures that are combined according to specific rules that allow us to communicate and preserve thoughts, ideas, feelings,and experiences.○B. Building Blocks of Language○ Phonemes■ The smallest distinctive units of sound used in a language. For ie, the p in “party”.○ Morphemes■ The smallest units of meaning in a language. For ie, “I” and “a”.○ Syntax■ Grammatical rules for putting words in correct order. For ie, a sentence is a sequence of the rules of syntax and each language has its own syntax.○ Overregulation of Grammar Rules■ Occurs when children apply a grammatical rule too widely and therefore create incorrect forms. For ie, “I holded the window closed.”C. Noam Chomsky and Language Development○ Chomsky argued that children possess an innate capacity to learn and produce speech. Also believed that children in different cultures progress through the same stages of language development at about the same ages.D. Benjamin Whorf and the Effect of Language on Thought○ He believed language may also shape a person’s thoughts and perceptions, called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. For ie, the Eskimo have many words for snow where English has only one. Language influences your thoughts.XI. Building Blocks of ThoughtA. Mental Images○ A mental picture of a previously stored sensory experience. Images can be visual or a mental representation of a sound, for ie, the smell of BBQ chickenB. Concept○ A mental category formed to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features and characteristics. For ie, a triangle, animal, car, or a liquidC. Schemas and


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UNC-Chapel Hill PSYC 101 - Unit Seven- Memory (Cognition)

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