ANT2416 EXAM ONE Anthropology the study of humans Human life can be sorted into stages o Gestation o Infancy o Childhood o Subadult o Adult Species vary in the number of life stages duration of each stage Childhood refers only to humans How is a child different from an adult o Appearance o Speech voice quality o Behavior as body movement o Cognition Focus Concentration Class Consciousness Relationships Education planning Professional aspirations Concepts of happiness Human Species Homo Sapiens o Kingdom Anamalia o Class Mammalia o Order primates o Superfamily Hominoidea What is a Mammal o Homeothermy Fur o Reproduction o Mastication chews food What is a Primate Internal gestation Lactation Extended Parental Care emotional bond play behavior o Emphasize vision not smell o Touch manipulation with eye hand coordination o Large brains o Slow maturation long life o Grasping hands feet with nails tactile pads with touch receptors friction ridges What is a Hominoid o Forearms are adapted for suspension have a versatile range of motion Long muscular arms Rotator shoulder joint 360 deg rotation of arm Fully extendable elbow 180 deg rotation of forearm Extended motion in wrist Humans share traits with mammals primates hominoids Such shared traits are used by taxonomists to position humans within the Linnaean Taxonomic Hierarchy and show our position in the diversity of living organisms Why does this pattern of shared traits exist o Biological evolution is the explanation for the origin of organisms Evidence supporting evolution includes o Comparative anatomy o The Fossil Record o Comparative molecules Evolution serves as a way of looking at the world that provides deep predictive and explanatory power Natural selection and the complementary idea of how genes individuals and species change over time should be as much a part of developing critical thinking skills as deductive reasoning and the study of ethics Traits that distinguish humans from other species o Habitual striding bi pedalism o Long opposable thumb movement versatility Homofaber the tool user tool maker Humans have the most versatile hands of all primates o Brain size Brain power Large braincase small flat face with small front teeth Brain size is 6 7x bigger than a mammal of our size 3 4x bigger than a primate of our size o Speech Language Speech v Vocalization Language Learned arbitrary Cerebral cortex development Displacement Open system duality of patterning Grammar Words are symbols representative of objects concepts Words enable us to communicate shape what we experience provide us with thinking tools o Cultural Dependence Culture that complex whole which includes knowledge belief arts morals law customs many other capabilities habits acquired as a member of society Behavior capabilities habits Learned acquired by man Shared by a group as a member of society Intergenerational transfer occurs during childhood Cumulative cultural evolution Enhanced sharing of knowledge experience Humans are a multi stage species not all species have stages Species vary in patterns of o Total lifespan o Age of first reproduction o Rate of maturation of offspring o Number of stages during immaturity length of each stage Bogin says human lifespan includes seven stages more than any other species o Embryonic o Infancy o Childhood o Juvenile o Adolescence o Adulthood o Old Age Growth is the proportionate changes in size Development is the increasing complexity progress toward maturity The human pattern of velocity changes during maturation o Infants grow very fast o Long interval of slow growth child juvenile o Adolescent growth spurt o Adult growth ceases Human Lifespan Stages Embryonic in mammals the fertilized egg is embedded in the uterus for internal gestation This stage ends wit the birth of an infant Infancy Stage found in mammals only It beings with birth and ceases when nursing ceases Childhood Only in humans 3 7 years old No longer nursing immature detention small digestive tract rapid brain growth motor cognition social deficits need protection o Milestones Food dependence Body growth is steady Brain growth at rapid rate Locomotion gains adult efficiency Eruption of first permanent molar Mid growth spurt Juvenile All primates about 7 years old Feeding independence but lacks sexual maturity brain growth completed permanent detention survival without adults is possible Adolescence perhaps only in humans may share with primates Apes v Humans Apes mature slowly live long Mother invest heavily in a few expensive offspring who take a long time to grow up one at a time Humans mature even slower than apes they live longer they have slower life history Mothers have multiple children at once Children are different from adults in appearance Children are different from adults in motor ability There are profound changes during the first year of life o Early reflexive behavior o Arnold Gesell founded the Clinic of Child Development at Yale University in 1911 He pioneered the use of motion picture cameras to study the development of normal infants and young children He developed the Gesell Developmental Schedules Trends in motor ability 3 7 yrs old o Increase in strength more muscle more bone less fat o Increase in control precision coordination Locomotion balance pivot stop quickly New gaits hop skip gallop o Upper Body throwing catching climbing o Hands individual finger control In humans a lot of motor cortex is devoted to controlling hand finger movements esp the thumb Holding a writing instrument is human specific Humans have more versatility in hand and finger movements than other primates no behavioral concept has probed more ill defined elusive controversial and even unfashionable than play Characteristics of play o Short sequences fragments of motor patterns seen in other contexts o Repetitious o Reordering o Exaggeration uneconomical o Rapid alterations of behavior o No obvious immediate benefit o Metacommunication The costs of play o Time and energy expenditure o Accidental injury or death o Increased risk of predation o Delay of maturation o Resources allocated to play cannot be allocated to growth fat storage feeding predator avoidance or nonplay social behavior Who plays PLAY o Fagen found that almost all reported examples of play were found in birds and mammals o Immatures play more adults play less more travel feed rest Play is a major category of motor behavior for immature Biological effects of locomotor play Byers gorillas o In