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ANT2416-01 Childhood Around the World Final ExamReview• Childhood- one stage in a sequence of stages that occur over the lifespan of all humans• Children and Anthropologyo A child is a version of human, so children are appropriate objects of study by anthropologists• Anthropologyo Anthropos (human), logos (study of)o The holistic study of humans• Are humans the only species to experience childhood?o For many species, dramatic changes in structure and behavior can occur over the lifetime of the individualo Sometimes the change is very dramatico Species vary in the number and duration of life stageso Childhood = a stage in the life cycle of the human specieso Refers only to humans• Child is different from an adult?o Appearanceo Speech & voice qualityo Behavior as body movement Are movements utilitarian or “wasteful” o Cognition Focus and concentration (paying attention) Class consciousness Relationships Education planning Professional aspirations Concepts of happiness• Human: Homo sapienso Class: Mammals o Order: Primateso Superfamily: Hominoidea• Species traits o Shared with other organisms• Stage traits o Traits unique to each species• Mammalso Homeothermy/furo Reproduction Internal gestation Lactation Extended parental care- Emotional bond- Play behavioro Internal gestationo Lactationo Extended parental careo Emotional bondo Play behavioro Mastication (chew food) Mammals have teeth for chewing food Mammals have 4 different kinds of teeth• Primateso Emphasize vision not smello Touch & manipulation with eye-hand coordinationo Large brainso Slow maturation, long lifeo Eye-hand coordination Use visually-guided reaching to feed Grasping hands & feet with nails, tactile pads with touch receptors, and friction ridges• Hominoido Forearms are adapted for suspension and have aversatile range of motion Long muscular arms and fully extendable elbow Rotator shoulder joint allows 360 rotation of the arm and 180 rotation of forearm Extended motion in wrist• Hominoids vs all other species o Habitual striding bipedalism Chimps can walk on two feet but are not built to be efficient at bipedalism Frees the hands from locomotor duties Human hands are not used for locomotion (humans are bipedal)  Human hands have a long opposable thumb and movement versatility that exceeds that of any other primate Homo faber = the tooluser and toolmaker humans have the most versatile hands of all primateso Handpower Versatility of hand use; human hands are especially good for holding objectso Speech/language Language- Learned, arbitrary- Cerebral cortex dependent- Open systemo Duality of patterningo Grammaro Quantity & quality of information humans Speech vs VocalizationLearned UnlearnedCerebral cortex Limbic systemDisplacement Here & now Open system Closed systemReferencingtransfer with language is enormous- Words are symbols they shape what we experience and provide us with thinking toolso Cultural dependence Behavior “capabilities and habits” Extragenetic - Learned “acquired by man”  Shared by a group “as a member of society”  Intergenerational- passed from one generation to the next, much during childhood Cumulative  Cultural Evolution (additive and revisionist)• Life history: compare the life history profiles of different species to better understand each species• Growth & development conceptual tools important in life history stageso Growth- proportionate changes in sizeo Development- increasing complexity & progress toward maturity Krogman, 1972• Human Maturationo Change in size, proportions, physiology, behavior, brain structure, etco Distance curve- shows pattern of size change. Bogin’s 7 stages• Infancyo Stage found in only in mammalso Begins with birth, ceases when nursing ceaseso When it ends, depends on the species: rodents become adults, primates become juveniles. o Cant survive death of caretaker, feeding dependence o Infant stage of other primates = subdivided intoinfant + “child” stage of humans• Juvenileo Can survive death of caretaker or loss of parental provisions but not yet matured sexually”o Feeding independence• “Child” (Barry Bogin) 3-7 years old o Only humans have a childhood stageo No longer nursing, not an infanto Immature dentition & small digestive tract (needs special food)o Rapid brain growth (needs lots of food)o Motor, cognitive, social deficits (needs protection) o As food-dependent as a primate infant but receiving special provisions (not mother’s milk)• Milestones of Bogin’s childhoodo Food dependenceo Body growth is steady (not the rapid deceleration of infancy)o Brain growth continues at a rapid rate then stops usually by 7o Locomotion- acquiring adult gait with adult efficiency, 9 months, 13 months, 36 monthso End of childhood- Eruption of first permanent molar marks (chewing power)o Adrenarche- Mid-growth spurt marks the end of “childhood” Chimpanzees do not have adrenarche or adolescent growth spurt• Bogin’s “Juvenile”o 7-12 years oldo Deciduous dentition  1st permanent dentition at 6.6 yearso Body growth is steady but at a slower rate after mid-growth spurto Brain growth completedo First permanent molar at 6-7 years, second permanent molar at 11-12 yearso Survival without adults is possible • Apes v Humanso Apes: mature slowly, live long, invest heavily in a few expensive offspring who take a long time to grow up, Apes are barely able to replacetheir numbers every yearo Humans: mature even slower than apes; they live even longer, they have slower life history• Interbirtho Humans take longer to reach maturity yet the interbirth intervals are shortero Humans have multiple, immature offspring dependent on parental care and feeding simultaneouslyo An adult female who is not lactating can get pregnant; lactation is a contraception in forager cultureso Increase the rate of reproduction o Childhood stage freed human reproduction from the constraints which plague closely-related apes • Gesell Developmental Schedules o Arnold Gesell founded the Clinic of Child Development at Yale University in 1911o Trends in motor ability (3-7 years old)o Increase in strength (more muscle, more bone, less fat), control, precision, coordinationo Locomotion Balance, pivot, stop quickly New gaits--hop, skip, gallop (why age-specific gaits?) Upper body- throwing & catching (what about


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FSU ANT 2416 - Final Exam Review

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