ANT 2416 final exam review guide John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth Attachment 1946 Renee Spitz study of grief and depression when very young children are institutionalized 1950 World Health Organization study of hospitalized children distress w o obvious cause 1958 The nature of the child s tie to his mother International Journal of Psychoanalysis 39 350 373 1969 Attachment 1972 Separation 1980 Loss attachment an adaptation created by natural selection environment of evolutionary adaptiveness attachment EEA Defining features proximity maintenance stay close to caretaker separation distress protest when unable to maintain proximity protest despair sequence safe haven retreating to caregiver when sensing danger secure base exploration of the world in the presence of the attachment figure Timeline of Attachment Very young infants are indiscriminate about caretakers Maturing infants discriminate Phase 1 birth 2 3 mos orient and signal without discrimination Phase 2 to 6 mos friendly to all but especially to mother Phase 3 6 mos to 36 mos use all means to maintain proximity to mother caregiver Phase 4 36 mos Decreased evidence of separation distress Attachment across species Separation protest despair Mary Ainsworth studied attachment among the Ganda of Kampala Uganda Attachment supports does not interfere with competence Developed a standardized and repeatable procedure for measuring attachment Presence Separation Reunion behaviors Examine behavior of child to measure attachment security play when caregiver is present distress behavior when mother leaves reunion behavior when mother returns Examine behavior of caregiver to measure responsiveness to the child Harry Harlow Stephen Suomi Love Affection Isolated monkeys are socially defective Search for critical inputs necessary to rear socially competent monkeys Lessons from rhesus macaques Infants will remain in contact with a cloth mother but not a wire mother spend 22 hours per day on cloth mother Find contact comfort begin to relax in the presence of a cloth mother but not a wire mother Tested drive reduction theory of maternal attachment No signs of attachment to wire mother Rhesus monkey infants develop attachment bond with cloth mothers Even two years later juveniles presented with their cloth mother will approach and cling When presented with a frightening object will retreat to cloth mother in the absence of cloth mother will huddle and will not explore Will press a lever to look at a cloth mother but not a wire mother This is evidence of attachment love Contact comfort All mammals Mother food protection Primate mothers carry their infants with them Mother food transport protection contact comfort knowledge that a protective mother is available Konrad Lorenz Imprinting a concept developed by him Critical period newborn goslings mallards approach and follow the first animate individual in their environment This behavior is critical to species identity recognizing potential mates Imprinting is irreversible Many primate studies protest despair in a wide variety of monkey species no evidence of detachment physiological correlates include stress hormones depressed immunology species differences based on species typical social patterns pig tail macaques mother remove vs infant remove rhesus macaques bonnet vs mother love vs infant love rhesus Phyllis Dolhinow Lessons from langur monkeys When mother is removed from group cage infant finds a new mother Infant acts initiates the contact new mother responds New attachment bond can replace old attachment infant may not return to its biological mother when she is returned to the group cage Attachment with contact comfort is a feature of primates Single births Constant carrying Mother care Long term bonds What s new with humans Prolongation of the period of immaturity and vulnerability Close inter birth intervals Distributed caretaking the importance of care beyond mother including fathers grandmothers siblings others Sarah Blaffer Hardy Comes the child before the man How cooperative breeding and prolonged post weaning dependence shaped human potential Piaget J 1937 The origin of intelligence in the child helpless competent Infant Child 18 24 mos Piaget a different kind of mind at different ages 1 Sensorimotor period 0 24 months 2 Preoperational period 2 7 years 3 Period of concrete operations 7 11 years 4 Period of formal operations 11 15 years Sensorimotor Period 0 24 months Reflexive 0 1 months Primary circular reactions 1 4 months Infant body movements Secondary circular reactions 4 8 months Infant explores objects Reach grasp objects Coordination of circular reactions 8 12 months Look for objects that have disappeared object permanence Tertiary circular reactions 12 18 months Relations among objects Trial error Intelligence 18 24 months mental combination new means 18 24 months symbols Infants children are hard at work constructing their brains minds Infants children engage in active manipulation exploration of their surroundings this active manipulation exploration internal representations of the external world Infants children are hyper responsive to experience revise reshape restructure Post Piaget Nativism knowledge that proceeds experience Cause effect Categories Numerosity Memory demonstrations that infants remember and therefore have object permanence Social learning infants children use other people to figure out the world to get things done Cultural learning Vygotsky Russian psychologist Tomasello comparative primate cognition Rogoff cultural anthropology Jerome Bruner Children acquire knowledge via scaffolding Primate learning is an individual enterprise Primate parents don t teach Is scaffolding a uniquely human behavior Are humans the only animal in which parents and parent substitutes teach immatures YES YES Colwyn Trevarthen Humans develop capacity for intersubjectivity at about 10 months of age capacity for joint patterns of awareness Triadic person person object network Free giving of objects reciprocal play Caretaker becomes an instructor New ability to cooperate learn via own actions vs learn via inductive interaction Piaget Trevarthen Lev Vygotsky 1896 1934 Children use parents as a tool Zone of proximal development Learning via knowledge already codified by past generations culture Language transmits culture human knowledge is a social collective enterprise What traits distinguish humans from all other species Bipedalism handpower tool use Brain size cognitive