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ANT2416 Final Study GuideFinal is Friday, December 14 at 3 PM• Emotiono Experiential componento Expressive componento Motivational componento Physiological component• Charles Darwino Studied emotional expression in children • No other mammal emphasizes facial communication as much as primates do…humans have inherited the primate use of the face as an instrument of communication• Emotions and social lifeo Hamburg 1963- specific emotions evolved to regulate social lifeo Myers 1976- Rhesus monkeys- same area of the brain involved in emotion and social life Loss of facial expression Loss of vocalization Avoidance of social interaction with other monkeys• Mammals have:o Lactation, maternal careo Infant separation cryo Play behavior Have none of these if you remove limbic cortex• Imprintingo Concept developed by Konrad Lorenzo Hatching will follow the first moving “object” (individual)o Critical period- happens one time; irreversible• John Bowlbyo Study of hospitalized children- distress without obvious causeo 1946 Spitz- grief and depression when children are institutionalizedo Nature of the child’s tie to his mother- “attachment” Defining features of attachment in humans:• Proximity maintenance- close to caretaker• Separation distress- protest when unable to maintain proximity• Safe haven- retreating to caregiver when sensing danger• Secure base- exploration of the world in the presence of the attachment figureo “Attachment” = an adaptation (created by natural selection)o Bowlby’s study results Very young infants are “indiscriminate” about caretakers• Phase 1 (birth—2/3 mos.)o Orient and signal without discrimination• Phase 2 (to 6 mos.)o Friendly to all but especially to mother• Phase 3 (6 mos. to 36 mos.)o Use all means to maintain proximity to mother/caregiver• Phase 4 (36 mos. +)o Decreased evidence of separation distress• Attachment across cultureso Mary Ainsworth developed a standardized and repeatable procedure for measuring attachment called the “Strange Situation” assessment “Strange Situation” assessment• Caregiver present behavior  caregiver separation behavior  caregiver reunion behavior• Examine behavior of “child” to measure attachment security• Harry Harlowo Isolated monkeys are socially defectiveo Search for critical inputs necessary to rear socially competent monkeyso Infants will remain in contact with a cloth “mother”o Finds “contact comfort” in the presence of a cloth “mother, but not a wire mothero Rhesus monkey infants do develop attachment bond with cloth mothers who provide tactile experience Even 2 years later, juveniles presented with their cloth mother will approach and cling• Contact comforto All mammals have a brain organized to support a mother-infant bond Mammalian mother = food + protectiono Primate mothers carry their infants with them Primate mother = food + protection + transport• Phyllis Dolhinow- Lessons from langur monkeyso When biological mother is removed from group cage, infant finds a new “mother”o Infant acts, new “mother” respondso New attachment bond can replace old attachment• Attachment with contact comfort is a feature of primateso Single birthso Constant carryingo Mother-careo Long-term bonds• Who can be a caretaker?o Many mammalian species use mother-only careo Among humans, research has shown that survival of children and reproductive success of mothers is improved with Father-care Grandparent-care Sibling-care (Akira, Zahra) Care by other extended kino Sarah Blaffer-Hry calls these “allomothers” and proposes that humans are “cooperative breeders”o Caretakers do not have to be biological relatives (Dora)o Caretaking of human immatures is a cognitive challenge• Salaam Bombay!o Bombay, Indiao Street children and how they provide social-emotional support for one anothero Problem-solving behavior in the face of poverty and illiteracyo Sex traffickingo Institutional careo Non-professional cast of street childreno Main characters: Krishna (12-14)- protagonist Chillum (18+)- drug dealer and addict Sweet Sixteen (16)- sold into prostitution Manju (8-10)- daughter of Rehka Rehka (30+)- prostitute and mother of Manju Baba (30+) drug dealer, pimp, father of Manjuo After killing someone and losing every relationship of meaning to him, Krishna sits in the street crying and winding up his spinning top• Barry Bogin’s “children” (age 3-7) cannot survive without adult provisioning and social support• “Juveniles” (7-12) are able to survive on the streets but they are focused on the immediate problems of the present and near future. They are stuck.• Even older children need parents because they need help in learning the skills and obtaining the education that will help them to a better life. They need guidance for longer life plans.• Time for School (2002-2004)o Follows 7 children from their first year of school until 2015 Afghanistan (Shugufa) Benin (Nanavi) Brazil (Jefferson) India (Neeraj) Japan (Ken) Kenya (Joab) Romania (Raluca)o The transfer of culture across generations through teaching and learning is a major form of human cooperation No other species does this as well as humans do this• Tomasello & Call, 1997o Human knowledge is a social-collective enterprise• What traits distinguish humans from all other species?o Bipedalism  handpower and tool useo Brain size  cognitive versatility (brainpower)o Speech/language  symbol power• Primate learning is an individual enterpriseo Primate parents don’t teach• How unique is human teaching?o Teaching requires actual efforts by adults or older juveniles to facilitate information transfer…merely being available for observation is not enough; teaching also requires… Deliberate modeling Active encouragement Exaggeration of the movements involved in the task to make it more obvious Simplification of the task to provided graded steps• Such behavior is rarely observed in non-human primates• The importance of the “juvenile stage” (middle childhood)o The period between the eruption of the first molar and pubertyo 5-7 year shifto Body Eruption of first molar Mid-growth spurt and then prolonged slow growth Adrenarche (adrenal androgens) Less susceptible to communicable diseaseso Brain EEG rhythms stabilize into an adult pattern


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FSU ANT 2416 - Final Study Guide

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