ANT2416ANT2416 Final Exam Study Guide• Objectiveso What is a child?o What is childhood?o Why should anthropology be interested in children and childhood?• Anthropologyo Anthropos= humano Logos= “word”o Study of humanso Multiple features of human behaviors at onceo Biological and cultural relationshipo Holistic—looking at multiple features at once o Comparative study and comparing behavior• Why we study children?o A child is a version of a human; therefore its appropriate subject for anthropologist should study.o New trend to study children in anthropologyo Similarities and difference in children and other versions of humanso Children are brought up differently based on region where they grow up• Videoo Time for school (2002-2004) 12 year project on crisis in global education 7 children in their first year of school• Afghanistan (Shugufa)• Benin (Nanavi)• Brazil (Jefferson)• India (Neeraj)o Women do daily chores, and Neeraj goes to night school after completing the choreso Schooling is consider “spare time”o Boys attend day schooling• Japan (Ken)o Tougher educationo Started at age one in school systemo Can read already in the first gradeo Very common to have after school activities/ classes• Kenya (Joab)o Not many children have the opportunity to go to schoolo Joab was entering 1st grade at the age of 10o Joab’s class was 74 children with only one teacher Introduction & Film Continued• Ken (Japan)o Well funded and predictableo Opening day ceremonies show valueo Expectations are high• Neeraj (India)o Hard physical work for girls while boys play or at school; girls usually go to night schoolo Small parental supporto Neeraj was betrothed at 8—future was planned• Joab (Kenya)o Lives in Urban town shantytown with public utilities.o Abolishment of primary school fees flooded Kenya’s school with new studentso Class had 74 students• Raluca (Romania)o Happy and talkativeo Economic uncertaintyo Commutes 45 minutes by herself to attend public school• Jefferson (Brazil)o Raised by single parent in urban shantytowno Play is priorityo Bolsa Escola; program of government payments to keep children in school• Shugufa (Afghanistan)o 12 years old (a late start because her family fled to Pakistan during Taliban years)o Large family generates many daily chores to Shugufao Parents support her education in the face of public criticismo Lessons emphasize public health as well as academic• Nanavi (Benin)o New law passed allows one women from each family can go to school instead of going to voodoo schoolo Must live in Grandmother’s village (during week) where schooling takes placeo Has older students/ mentor who gives her guidance (dada) and medateric (women from outside community)o Hard work day after dayo Things we take for granted today was based on hard work before• Introduction Cont.o How does child differ from adolescenceo 28-up (Michael Apted document)o Several children are looked at and interviewed at age 7,14,21, and 28o Gives opportunity to look at same person at different ages/age life stageso See age characteristics• How do you know it’s a child?o Body size and proportionso Expressive behavior o Voice qualityo Speed of speecho Body movementso Big dreams for the future and acceptances of limitationsIntroduction & Film Continued (28-up)• 28 upo Children born in 1956 5 elite• Bruce, John, Andrew, Charles, & Suzi 2 middle class• Peter, Neil Lower class• Tony, Nick, Paul, Simon, Jackie, Lyn, and Sue• Tonyo Working class backgroundo Wanted to be a jockeyo Ended up becoming a taxi driver• Bruceo Sensitive Teachero Upper classo Went to boarding school at age 6o Public schools (not the same as US public school) Elite only went to public school• Suzio Chain smoker to happy mothero Upper classo Went to boarding school at age 8; believed it was too young (wants her kids to go at age 13)o Throughout life age (7,14,21,28) her answers change and contradict each other Didn’t like babies than had two Wanted to have nanny for children at 7; at age 28 she wanted to raise her children herselfo Wanted to maker her own opinion and decisions  Raised in wealth Husband to support her Hypocritical answero At age 7; vulnerable to way of life she was presentedo At age 14, parents divorce; had no purposeo At age 7 said she would go to University Dropped out and went to secretary school and went Paris• Nicko From Physics to farmero Farmer’s sono Went to Oxfordo Became a professor at University of Wisconsino Married and wife has jobo Never cared about money At age 20 after university seeked a higher standard of livingo Benefited from a system that understood his intelligenceo Version of brain drain US was draining smart people from other countries, based on standard of living American system of Education, training everyone not just elites Only child in his village—at age 7• Paulo At age 7 wasn’t happyo No big inspirationso Moving to Austriliao Went on 15,000 miles tour with wifeo 2 kidso Brick layerso Children’s school (Children’s home)o He wanted a better life for his childreno Lived in world without components with those with privileges• Johno Westimester Hallo At 21; wanted to be married by 28o Interested in law throughouto Like the private educationo Didn’t think he had an advantageo Didn’t think video showed they worked hard and didn’t just have everything given to themo Wanted money and spare time to collect paintingo Courtroom lawyer• Andrewo Trinity Hallo At 21; wanted to be lawyer and became a lawyero Marriedo Live in London flats At 28; thought he was a brat at 7 7; read financial times Believes he’s been lucky• Charleso At age 7 said he was going to go to Oxford, but didn’t make ito At 21; said he was going to work as newspaper writer but is BBC producero Doesn’t believe in failureo Didn’t pursue his first path (not as predictable)• If you have wealth, you’re life is more predictableo More structure to their liveso “On an escalator”• Everyone changed a bit when married and started having of familyo Influence of person• More wealthy interviewees; more verbal interactiono Comfortable with verbal interactions• Jackie (at 49 & up—single mother of 3; state supported)o Married at 19o Probability wouldn’t recommend it to other oneso Wanted to be happy as much of the timeo Sometimes life doesn’t go as expected• Suzio Mothero Part time