280 Class Review Sheet Exam 3 The communicable infectious disease process 1 What is the definition of a communicable infectious disease A disease caused by microorganisms It is contracted through people animals or contact with the environment 2 What are the three key elements in the process of transmission a Host organism to whom the disease is transmitted b Agent Microorganism that causes the disease c Environment the context that breeds the agent context that fosters the development and affects host susceptibility to infection 3 In addition to the 3 key elements in the triad what is the portal of entry a How the agent enters the host Ex ingesting breathing blood sexual contact open wound fecal oral spread rabies 4 What are the 5 possible modes of transmission for communicable diseases a Direct contact with body fluids sexual contact IDU injecting drug use b Airborne influenza SARS TB c Vector borne spread by insect animal malaria lyme disease dengue fever d Food or Waterborne Cholera and Hep A e Mother to child MTC vertical HIV during pregnancy or in breast milk 5 What are bacteria Microscopic one celled organisms a Causes diarrhea and dehydration b Vaccines prevent antibiotics treat c Can be fatal d Haiti cholera outbreak video disease spread through water hospitals packed 10 death rate from diarrhea 6 What is E coli Bacteria living in intestines of healthy people and animals Can cause diarrhea Can be exposed through contaminated water feces raw vegetables and uncooked meat 7 What are some examples of communicable diseases caused by bacteria E coli 8 What are viruses and how are they different from bacteria acellular not cells and cannot reproduce on their own a Many preventable through immunizations measles mumps polio smallpox b Can be spread before child is born ex HIV 9 What are some examples of diseases caused by a virus HIV polio smallpox 10 What are protozoa and how are they transmitted Complex single celled organisms live in water through mosquito bites What is the agent for the protozoa that cause malaria Mosquito What environmental factor must be present for malaria to spread Water 11 What is meant by the life cycle of a parasitic worm How long the worm lives how it infects the host a Life cycle i Defecate eggs deposited in soil ii iii If contact with crops or food or hands that are used to eat food swallowed and hatched into worms Infect hosts 12 What causes yeast infections athlete s foot and ringworm Fungi can be very dangerous 13 What are some unmodifiable risk factors for the transmission of communicable disease Age sex and genetic factors 14 What are some modifiable risk factors Nutritional status stress and fatigue social determinants diet and exercise hygiene and food handling practices sexual practices and contraceptive use 15 Who has low immunity a Children s who s immune systems are not yet mature b Compromised because HIV AIDS or other diseases c Person who has not yet had vaccination for a disease d Poor nutritional status especially in children e Pregnant women 16 Define epidemic and pandemic What 3 events have to be in place for a pandemic to occur a Epidemic communicable disease constantly present at low levels in a region or population b Pandemic an epidemic over a wide geographic area c 3 events i New virus with little immunity ii Human to human transmission easy iii New virus causes serious illness death 17 What is nanotechnology The study and application of extremely small things being used across science engineering fields HIV AIDS TB and Malaria 1 What is Millennium Development Goal 6 Combat HIV AIDS malaria 2 Does the world presently have the financial and technological resource to greatly reduce the effects of AIDS Malaria and TB YES if yes what prevents that from happening Developing countries prevent these effective interventions from reaching those of the greatest need Unless on a large scale attempts to address individual diseases will not bring large progress 3 What are the following and what do they do PEPFAR AIDS relief Increased antiretroviral treatment i ii Prevention of MTC transmission of HIV through pregnancy iii Cost saving with generics iv Improved blood safety The President s Global Health Initiative i Builds on PEPFAR Increase strategic coordination ii iii Strengthen global health partnerships and private sector engagement iv To improve monitoring and evaluation v Promote research vi Implement women and girl centered approach 4 Have the rates of new HIV infections increased decreased or stayed the same since PEPFAR began DECREASED what part of the world has been an exception to this trend Eastern Europe and Central Asia 5 Why is access to antiretroviral therapy especially important for pregnant women 6 Who among the world s population is at greatest risk for malaria and where are rates of malaria highest Sub Saharan Africa See Toward a Malaria Free World video 7 Have major increases in funding improved the control of malaria YES what two preventive measures have been most important Mosquito netting nanotechnology use of cell phones to educate and diagnose 8 Has the MDG goal of halting and reversing the incidence of tuberculosis been achieved yet Yes what area of the world is an exception to this Asia 55 of all new cases antibiotic resistance poses new threat Bioterrorism 1 What is bioterrorism Terrorism involving the release of toxic biological agents Describe the 3 categories of bioterrorism agents Category A Highest priority Pose greatest risk Easily spread from person to person Result in high death rates Might cause public panic and social disruption Require special action for public health preparedness Ex anthrax Category B second highest priority Moderately easy to spread Result in moderate illness rates and low death rates Require specific enhancements of CDC s lab capacity and enhanced disease monitoring Ex food safety threats salmonella typhus water safety threats cholera Can be fatal but can be treated Category C third includes emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future because Easily available Easy to produce and spread Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact Ex emerging infections diseases such as new varieties of hantavirus 2 What did the anthrax attacks of 2001 in the U S demonstrate 3 Re watch Anthrax Killer Strain from the CDC What does CDC stand for Centers for Disease control and what does CDC do to prevent disease outbreaks working to prepare