280 Review Materials for Exam 2 Water Sanitation Air and Soil 1 What is water scarcity and how does it affect people 1 in 3 people in the word live with water scarcity 2 What is MDG 7 Achieve Environmental sustainability 3 What are 3 common solutions to soil pollution Reduce waste better agricultural practices and reduction of human impact 4 According to the World Health Organization what proportion of preventable diseases are caused by the environment are caused by the environment Is health in both developing and developed countries affected by air pollution 5 6 What determines the effects of air pollution Duration of exposure concentration and types of chemicals and pre existing health conditions 7 Where is outdoor air pollution most common Cities factories highways 8 How does WHO rank indoor air pollution as a cause of disease Responsible for 2 7 of the global burden of disease Causes more than 1 6 million deaths and 39 million DALYs per year 9 Where is indoor air pollution more common Burning Building 10 What is biomass fuel and why is it a problem video Developed from organic materials source of renewable energy pollutes the air 11 What are the most common causes of soil pollution Pesticides oil tar 12 What has the respected medical journal The Lancet called The biggest global health threat of the 21st century Climate Change 13 How does climate change affect health Hot and cold waves Warm moist air detracts the body s ability to cool itself by evaporation of perspiration Cold dry air dries out nose and upper respiratory tract increases chance of viral or bacterial infection Environmental health emergencies and disaster relief 1 Define disaster What are some kinds of natural disasters What are some kinds of human made disasters Event bringing damage loss or destruction May be natural or humanly created Natural Famine fire flood etc Humanly created mass murder war plane crash 2 What are the phases in disaster management Prevention and preparedness Identifies potential risk and actions before disaster to reduce impact response meant to combat disaster assist those affected and recovery assistance to regain proper levels of function Food security insecurity famine and hunger 1 What is the first Millennium Development Goal End hunger and extreme poverty 2 What is the UN definition of food security Food Security means access by all people at all times to the food needed for a healthy life What is the USDA definition for food insecurity Limited or uncertain access to nutritious sae foods necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle 3 What are the primary causes of food insecurity Physical and mental health child development and education 4 What are the four pillars of food security Availability Access Utilization Stability 5 What proportion of the food produced in the world goes to waste 1 3 6 What are the determinants of food availability Domestic production and imports population growth water availability climate change energy costs Access Food available money is needed to access food Utilization Use o food that they have access to Stability Available and accessible 7 What is famine and what are the chief causes of famine Extreme and general scarcity of food in a country or large geographic area Causes are drought disease crop damage and political problems war 8 How is famine relief traditionally provided and what are the problems with traditional relief methods Humanitarian Relief Organizations HRO s military or UN forces food from the outside distribution 9 How is e technology used in food distribution Iraqi refugees use a WFP food voucher on their mobile phone to purchase food from a shop in Damascus 10 What are some newer methods of providing relief Microloans KIVA 11 What is Plumpy Nut and what is it used for video A peanut based paste that is used to combat malnutrition Why It produces rapid weight gain for severely malnourished individuals Agricultural and economic development 1 2 Where does agricultural development fit in the disaster response cycle Mitigation preparedness response recovery If the UN s medium projection of global population growth is correct how much will agricultural output have to increase between 2000 and 2050 Double 3 What is the Green Revolution A large increase in crop production in doveloping countries achieved by the use of fertilizers pesticides and high yield crops 4 What is the Second Green Revolution Change in agricultural production thought to feel and sustain a growing population 5 What does the term sustainable intensification mean Integrate biological and ecological processes such as composting and natural enemies into food production as much as possible minimize resticides and fertilizers 6 How is e agriculture being used Eagriculture org 7 What are the possibilities for future improvement of the food supply Genetic engineering 8 What is genetic modification Used in biology to change the genes of an organism such as a animal or plant and what are the risks of using genetic modification to improve the food supply Environmental hazards human health risks and economic concerns Childbirth and Health 1 Which 2 Millennium Development Goals are related to childbirth MDG 5 improve maternal health and MDG 4 reduce child mortality 2 What does the statement The most effective contraceptive is girls education mean The best tool for contraception is education on it 3 Why does Guatemala have such a high maternal mortality rate video minimum essential levels of the right to health education food and other economic and social rights 4 What are the simple ways to make childbirth safer for women Family planning skilled birth attendants access to obstentric care in emergencies 5 How does education affect maternal mortality enhances women s ability to access existing health care resources including skilled attendants for childbirth and directly leads to a reduction in her risk of dying during pregnancy and childbirth 6 What is obstetric fistula A hole between the vagina and rectum or bladder What causes it Prolonged obstructed labor What would reduce the incidence of obstetric fistula Access to medical help How difficult is it to treat If there is a skilled surgeon it costs about 450 dollars to treat 7 What is the two thirds rule 2 3 of infant dealths occur during the first month of life 2 3 of that number has deaths occur in the first week 1 3 of that number has deaths occur in the first 24 hours 8 What are the primary causes of neonatal mortality Born with a