FMSC 280: Reading Guide for Exam 3Jacobsen, Chapter 9, Control of Infectious Diseases 1. What are the 5 “modes of transmission” for communicable diseases?- Direct transmission: person to person, occurs when a susceptible person touches an infectious person- Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens are in the air and people breath the air - Infection transmission- Fecal oral transmission- Vertical transmission or MTC passed through mother to child 2. What are the stages in the natural history of a disease?- Infection occurs- Disease could be detected through testing- Symptoms of disease develop - Symptoms resolve or the infected person dies 3. What is the role of the immune system in the natural history of disease?- The immune system will fight off most infections even if they are left untreated and once symptoms begin, most people with severe illness will seek medical treatment4. What is the meaning of the following terms?- Portal of entry: mouth, eyes, nose or any other part of direct entrance - Reservoir: environmental home for an infectious disease agent - Cycle of infection: how an infectious agent cycles between different species - Intermediate host: a host which is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle in which it may multiple asexually but not sexually - Secondary attack rate: average number of other people that one contagious person infects - Incubation period: the period between infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the illness or disease it causes 5. What type of agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus, parasite) causes eachof the following infectious diseases?- Guinea worm disease (NTD) , Measles, E. Coli, Schistosomiasis (NTD), Tuberculosis (bacteria) , Malaria (Protozoa) , Lyme disease (Bacteria) , Polio, Influenza (Virus) 6. What is a vector?- Mosquitoes or ticks that cause vector borne infections - Malaria, Lyme disease and dengue fever are all transmitted through bites 7. What is KAP and what does it mean in terms of healthy behaviors?- Knowledge, attitudes and practices - Once individuals understand why a behavior is healthy and believe that it is worth the effort to make change, it is easier for them to chose to engagein the behavior 8. What does the term surveillance mean in the context of communicable disease? What is sentinel surveillance?1- Track infectious disease reports from hospitals and other information sources to look for possible outbreaks or clusters of a disease- Sentinel surveillance : information from continuous monitoring at selected sentinel sites is used to alert public health officials to possible changes in the health community 9. What is the difference between the elimination of a communicable disease and eradication of a communicable disease?- Elimination : remove all risk of new infections- Eradication : no risk of infection or disease anywhere in the world even in the absence of immunization or other measures 10.Define endemic, epidemic and pandemic.- Endemic: always present in a population- Epidemic : when a disease is occurring more often than usual and there are more than few sporadic occurrences- Pandemic: worldwide epidemic, fluJacobsen, ch. 10, Global Infectious Disease Initiatives1. What does AIDS stand for?- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? At what point does HIV become AIDS?- HIV is through blood transfusions, destroys white blood cells and AIDS occurs as a result of the destruction of immune system cells by the HIV virus- AIDS is a syndrome, person is infected with HIV and the infections causes AIDS to develop3. What is an antiretroviral?- Drugs to keep viral count low and to slow the progression of symptoms, give post-exposure immediately after a known exposure4. What is HAART and what do the letters in HAART stand for?- Highly active antiretroviral therapy- Combination of several types of drugs including reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors 5. What is an opportunistic infection?- Only occur when they body’s immune system is weakened enough to givethe infectious agents an opportunity to invade 6. What are universal precautions?- Wearing gloves, when caring for sick people or cleaning up a spill- Workers are trained to use this 7. Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her infant in breast milk?- Yes, HIV is excreted in breast milk and the risk of HIV is higher- Women with HIV infection are encouraged to use formula8. What is the difference between latent and active tuberculosis?- Latent: TB infection- Active: TB disease 9. What is the relationship between AIDS and TB?2- Diagnosis of TB may be accompanied by a diagnosis of AIDS10.What is DOTS and what do the letters stand for?- Directly observed therapy, short course- TB patients are required to have trained observers watch them take their pills every day11.Why is antibiotic-resistant bacteria a problem in TB treatment? - Antibiotic- resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections 12.What causes malaria?- Parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the plasmodium species13.Who is most at risk for severe complications and death from malaria?- Children and pregnant women Jacobsen, Ch 7 The Global Impact of Non-Communicable Disease1. What is a “non-communicable” disease? Why are they often called “chronic” diseases? What causes them?- Non-communicable: is a medical condition or disease, is non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. May be chronic diseases or long duration or slow progression, or result in rapid death- Causes: Tobaccos use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol, raised blood pressure, overweight2. What is the most significant predictor of cardiovascular disease? What are some modifiable risk factors for CVD?- Predictor: Increasing age - Modifiable risk: Tobaccos use, physical inactivity, obesity, unhealthy diet, consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol, unmanaged diabetes, unhealthy blood lipid profile 3. What are some modifiable risk factors for cancer?- Tobaccos use, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet 4. The proportion of people who live in high-income countries who develop cancer is much higher than the proportion in low-and middle-income countries. Why?- Cancer is more common in older adults and more people in high-income countries teach older ages. So many more people