FMSC 280 Reading Guide for EXAM 2 Jacobsen Ch 8 Health effects of environmental change 1 What are risks associated with the home environment Insulation with asbestos a Harmful construction materials b c Electrical wiring d Windows without screens letting bugs in e High levels of radon f Chemicals in the kitchen or other rooms 2 What risks associated with the environment are linked to diarrheal disease and other infections With respiratory infections chronic respiratory disease cardiovascular disease and cancer a Diarrheal contaminated water poor sanitation and hygiene inadequate management of waste b Respiratory air pollution including from indoor cooking over fires 3 Summarize the five key aspects of water access a Quality water must be clean enough to drink safely b Quantity must be available so people can stay hydrated and clean c Reliability the water source must be available and functioning at all times i Appropriate technology simple enough that it can be fixed by locals d Cost water must be affordable 4 What is the minimum amount of water needed by one person each day for survival For healthy living a Survival 15 20 liters 1 3 liters of this for drinking 2 3 liters for food prep 6 7 liters for personal cleanliness 4 6 liters for laundry b 50 liters of water recommended for healthy living 5 What is sanitation a Disposal of human excreta 6 What are the 6 Fs a Factors contributing to diarrheal disease b Feces are not exposed properly they can contaminate fields and fluids Fecal matter can then get onto hands and fingers and transport it to foods Flies can spread it to foods too 7 What do the best programs for reducing diarrhea and parasitism combine a Improved water and sanitation systems with health education to promote frequent hand washing and consistent use of latrines instead of open defecation 8 Why is energy a necessity a YES for cooking food and boiling water for safe consumption providing a source of heat when temperatures are low and providing a source of light at night 9 What is COPD and who is at highest risk What are the risks associated with use of solid fuels a Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder b High for women and children who spend several hours a day near fires while cooking 10 What is toxicology What are carcinogens Teratogens Ecotoxicology a Toxicology study of harmful effects that chemicals and other environmental hazards like radiation have on living things b Carcinogens cause genetic mutations that lead to cancer c Teratogens cause birth defects d Ecotoxicology examines impact of toxic exposure on populations communities and ecosystems 11 What does the Kyoto Protocol ask countries to commit to a Agreement made under the Framework Convention on Climate Change asks countries to commit to voluntarily reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases 12 What kinds of environmental damage are caused by industry a Pollutions and toxins can be released in the air hurting the air quality 13 What are the ways in which Bangladesh has attempted to solve the problem of arsenic contaminated well water a Surface water is contaminated with feces an initiative by UNICEF promoted the installation of tube wells that tap ground water only later did they realize this water contained arsenopyrites b Arsenic contaminated water causes change in skin color formation of hard skin patches skin cancer lung cancer kidney cancer bladder cancer liver damage gangrene peripheral vascular disease c Solutions use of low cost filter collect rain water dig deeper wells 14 Why is DDT controversial as a way of preventing malaria a It is a persistent organic pollutant and travels up the food chain killing birds and fish Jacobsen Ch 14 pp 347 357 Disasters and Health 1 What are the four critical needs after a humanitarian incident a Water b Food c Shelter d Essential health services 2 What is a nonderogable right and what is not a Human rights that are irrevocable b Ex freedom from slavery and torture c Some rights may be temporarily suspended under certain circumstances to protect community Ex freedom of movement of people with highly contagious infections may be temporarily limited during an epidemic If rights are derogated during or immediately after a critical incident new rules must not be discriminatory and full rights should be restored as soon as possible d 3 What are the distinguishing features of a complex humanitarian emergency from a natural disaster a Complex humanitarian emergency occurs when civil conflict or war cause mass migration of civilian populations food insecurity and long term public health concerns remain in acute phase for years or decades b Natural disaster usually create an immediate period of acute need but quickly transition into recovery mode 4 Define the following a Refugee person who has been forced to involuntarily move because security concerns must cross a border b Internally displaced person IDP fled their home community because of civil war famine natural disaster or another crisis but did not cross into another country 5 What are the health risk factors often experienced by refugees and internally displaced persons a Cycle of displacement special health concerns which begins at onset of migration and continues until a lasting solution is implemented b Economic concerns c Health concerns with being new people in community d Emergency interventions focus on provision of water food sanitation shelter fuel and health care for sick pregnant and vulnerable individuals e Long term interventions treat malnutrition address violence and security provide therapy for mental health problems 6 What are the 4 R s a Reduction mitigation preemptive measures to protect people from hazards best way to enable a smooth response and recovery with any kind of disaster b Readiness preparedness preparation for responding c Response response to imminent ongoing or immediately past threat d Recovery continued efforts should focus on rebuilding affected communities Jacobsen Ch 11 Global Nutrition 1 What are each of the following and why are they needed Macronutrient carbs protein fats oils body needs these in relatively large quantities to provide energy Micronutrient vitamins minerals body needs in smaller amounts Complex carbohydrate classified as starches made up of long chains of sugars and take longer to digest to keep a person feeling full quick energy for the body Protein hair nails hemoglobin transport immune system muscles i