ANT2416 Exam 2 Review Sheet Key terms Homo Ludens o Play species Neuron o Functional cell of the brain that can communicate w other neurons Neurogenesis Synaptogenesis Synapse o Creating new neurons done by 5 years of age o Creating new connections between neurons o A structure that permits a neuron or nerve cell to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell o Descriptive term that may be applied to behavior in any one of the primary categories as long as the behavior seems incomplete or otherwise useless o Process that increases the speed of the axon potential and makes motor movements faster and smoother o A constituent and central aspect of any culture o Newly hatched goslings mallards approach and will follow first moving individual in their environment Play Myelination Subsistence Imprinting Safe haven Secure base o Retreating to caregiver when sensing danger o Exploration of the world in presence of attachment figure Notes Section 1 PLAY A familiar category of behavior that is hard to define and whose existence is hard What is play to explain Characteristics of play o Short sequences frag of motor patterns seen in other contexts o Exaggeration uneconomical o Reordering o Repetitious o Rapid alteration of behavior o No obvious immediate benefit o Play face posture vocalization Metacommunication this is play Play according to Fagen Play was found in mammals and birds Types of play o Locomotor universal among mammals o Social add social agent some mammals Not all mammals can because they don t have the movement versatility like humans and chimps o Object add object mostly humans Humans are good at combining object and social play Costs Time energy spent Accidental injury Inc risk of predation Delay of maturation Benefits Practice Knowledge Bonding Flexibility Play according to Byers In studies of mice cats sheep and baboons o Play doesn t occur right after birth o Once it appears its rate of expression rises quickly to a peak o The peak of expression of play is brief compared to the life span of the species data Rate of play falls quickly to zero or near zero Quantity of play duration through life spans humans o Suspect there is differences in rates of play w age but no comprehensive The ages at which play rates reach a peak match the ages of terminal synapse formation and elimination in the cerebellum o These analyses suggest that the true function of play is to modify brain development Categories of play rate o Play absent o Play rudimentary o Play common Brain mass correlates with play rate o Bigger the brain more the play o Animals whose brain didn t develop after birth do not play Section 2 BRAIN Brain development 90 of brain size increase is complete by 5 years of age Brain mass approaches mature size before body mass reaches mature size Human infants devote more energy to brain metabolism than any other living organism o 3x more than adults Humans vs Chimps Brain Mass Growth Humans 4x from birth adulthood 370g 1350g in 6 years Chimps 2x from birth adulthood 175g 350g Humans o No new neurons inc in size connectivity synapses axons dendrites o Add glial cells and myelination of axons Humans maintain the fetal rate of growth after birth but all other mammals shift to a slower rate of brain growth after birth Neurons brain Distinctive in ability to communicate w other neurons via synapses o Developing networks of synapses mature structure and function of the Before birth Create neurons neurogenesis done by 7 months Move neurons into position migration Aggregate into layers Create neural circuits synaptogenesis After birth Create many new connections among neurons synaptogenesis Myelination to increase speed of conduction Pruning of synapses Maturation of frequently used synapses Myelination Rhesus monkeys vs human same sequence different rate humans take longer o Brain stem breathing heart beat reflexes Both Myelinated at birth motor coordination o Cerebellum Monkey 6 months Human 24 months o Neocortex and hippocampus Monkey 2 3 years Human 10 years cognition memory Synaptogenesis How to measure Harry Chugani used a PET scan to measure glucose metabolism which shows active areas of synaptogenesis also in article notes First two years of life parts of the brain aren t very active at all 24 month brain is as active as an adult 36 months brain is 2x as active as adult 10 18 years drop to adult level o Humans have more synapses per neuron at 3 years old 15 000 than at birth 2 500 or adulthood 5 000 Thus brain building is especially active in children 3 10 years Rate of synaptogenesis in each brain system varies w age Section 3 EMOTION Emotion what is it Carroll Izard Believe that it is attached to facial expressions o Biological and social functions o Seem to be universal Primates are the only mammal to emphasize facial communication o Use of face as an instrument of communication Two systems to control emotions o Natural o Control hide true emotion Components Only adults really can do this kids can t control it as well o Experiential expressive motivational physiological Charles Darwin 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man Animals o Darwin studied emotional expression in kids o Wrote letters to people around the world asking about similar facial expressions under similar circumstances Hamburg 1963 specific emotions regulate social life Myers 1976 in rhesus monkeys same areas of brain involved in emotion and o Destruction of brain areas involved w emotion lead to Loss of facial expression vocalization and social interaction social life Paul MacLean o Mammal a social revolution A new relationship between mother and offspring o Mammals but not reptiles have Lactation maternal care Play behavior Infant separation cry o Remove limbic cortex hamsters squirrel monkeys No maternal care isolation calls by infants play by infants John Bowlby Attachment Infant s need for a secure base has become widely accepted and remains one of the greatest contributions to human well being ever made by an evolutionary theorist Features o Proximity maintenance o Separation distress 1946 Spitz study of grief depression when young kids are institutionalized 1950 World Health Org study of hospitalized kids distressed w o cause 1958 nature of kids tie to mother Attachment coined word Adaptation found in ALL of us Bowlby developmental time frame PHASE 1 Birth 2 3 months Orient and signal without discrimination infants are indiscriminate about care takers PHASE 2 To 6 months Friendly to all