CHAPTER 1 THE FIELD THE PROFESSIONALS AND THE CLIENTS Chapter Learning Goals 1 Describe communication impairment Communication impairment is impairment in the ability to receive send process or comprehend concepts of verbal nonverbal or graphic symbol systems 2 Describe the roles of audiologists speech language pathologists and speech language and hearing scientists Audiologists Measure hearing identify assess manage prevent disorders of hearing balance 3 5 years of professional education beyond bachelors doctoral degree an AuD PhD or EhD in audiology Speech Language Pathologists SLP Identify assess treat prevent expressive communication disorders in all modalities Provide services for swallowing disorders may be involved in modifying dialects Masters degree or doctorate at least a bachelors passing national exam Speech Language Hearing Scientists Extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders Basic research investigate causes prevention treatment and studies They usually have doctorate degrees and are employed by universities government agencies industry and research centers Some may also work clinically Key Terms and Concepts to Review Communication Disorders A communication disorder may affect any and all aspects of communication it may affect hearing language and or speech Speech disorder Atypical production of speech sounds interruption in the flow of speaking or abnormal production or absence of vocal quality pitch loudness resonance duration Language disorder Impairment in comprehension or use of spoken written or other symbol systems signals Hearing disorder A result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing system Central auditory processing disorders Deficits in the processing of information from audible Communication disorders are NOT differences such as dialectal differences or multilingualism Augmentative alternative communication systems Attempts often taught by SLP s to compensate facilitate for impaired communication Gestures signing picture systems print computerized communication used to complement or supplement speech Speech Language Pathologist versus Audiologist scope and type of work of each Service through the Lifespan Statistics o Individuals with communication disorders may be of any age o 1 in 5 people have a disability and the likelihood increases as we age o Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities as soon as they are born o Babies and toddlers may exhibit developmental delay o Almost half of all SLPs are employed in school systems o School age children with communication difficulties often experience academic and social difficulties o 1 5 to 2 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury each year and may have subsequent communication or swallowing impairments o In those over age 65 stroke neurological disorders and dementia may interfere with communication and swallowing o Hearing loss may affect at least one quarter of older adults Efficacy vs effectiveness vs efficiency Efficacy The probability of a benefit from an intervention under ideal conditions identified population treatment should be focused research should be conducted under optimal intervention conditions Effectiveness The probability of a benefit from an intervention method under average conditions it is what works in real world application of intervention Efficiency The quickest least effortful method resulting in the greatest positive benefit providing the best intervention possible CHAPTER 2 TYPICAL AND DISORDERED COMMUNICATION Chapter Learning Goals Key Terms and Concepts to Review Human Communication Communication define An exchange of ideas between sender s receiver s Sociolinguistics How cultural identity setting participants influence communication cultural identity our language cultural community Communication means understand typical forms and development based on Table 2 1 o Speech Articulation Fluency Voice Speech The process of producing the acoustic representation of language Articulation The way speech sounds are formed Fluency The smooth forward flow of communication influenced by rhythm rate Voice Can reveal things about the speaker the message overall level of loudness loudness pattern within sentences words are important Nonverbal Communication About 2 3 of human meaning exchange encompasses both the suprasegmental aspects of speech the non vocal nonlinguistic aspect of communication Language A socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols rule governed combinations of these symbols o Grammar refers to the rules of a language o Generative means that each utterance is freshly created infinite of sentences that can be created through application of grammatical rules o Dynamic languages change over time o All languages have three primary components Form Content and Use o Be able to categorize each area and define the related terms within each component and area of language Form consists of phonology morphology and syntax Phonology The study of the sound systems in a language Morphology Involves the structure of words rules governing change in meaning at the intra word level Syntax How words are arranged in sentences how in which one word may affect another Phonotactic Specifies how sounds may be arranged in words Morphemes The smallest grammatical units in a language Free Morphemes may stand alone as a word Bound Morphemes change the meaning of the word and can only be attached to free morphemes Content consists of semantics Semantics The content or meaning of a language Use consists of pragmatics Pragmatics How why we use language the use function or purpose of communication the study of communicative acts How communication works through the lifespan Infants must first learn the rudiments of communication and begin to master speech The early establishment of communication between children and caregivers fosters the development of speech and language which influence the quality of communication This is complicated by physical cognitive and social development The key to becoming a communicator is being treated as one The process of learning speech and language is a social one that occurs through interactions of children and the people in their environment Every person s speech and language continues to change until the end of life A competent communicator continues to adapt to changes in the language and in the communication process Commonality of communication disorders prevalence