Ch 3 Anatomy Physiology Related to Speech Hearing Language No labeling but know the functions of parts September 20 2011 The Respiratory System Air supply is needed in order to produce speech power supply Primary biological function supply oxygen to the blood and remove excess carbon dioxide Secondary function generating source for speech production 1 respiratory cycle inhale once exhale once Structures Pulmonary apparatus lungs trachea 2 bronchi pulmonary airways Chest wall rib cage abdominal wall abdominal content diaphragm Look at diagrams in textbook Muscles Inspiratory muscles Generally above diaphragm Diaphragm Numerous thoracic and neck muscles pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior levatores costarum sternocleidomasoid External intercostals contracted moves rib cage up and out diaphragm down cid 224 air rushes into lungs inspiration External intercostals inspiration 1 Expiratory muscles Generally below diaphragm Muscles of the abdomen external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis rectus abdominis Internal intercostals contracted moves rib cage down and in diaphragm is relaxed and moves upward cid 224 air exits lungs Internal intercostals expiration Physiology of Tidal Breathing and Speech Breathing Resting Tidal Breathing Differs from person to person Breathing to sustain life unconscious passive effort Inspiration diaphragm contracts rib cage and lungs expand lung volume increases and air pressure drops causing air to rush in Expiration rib cage wall size decreases lungs are compressed pressure within lungs increases causing air to rush out Speech Breathing More controlled slower more active Inspiration rapid greater amount of air Expiration much longer than inspiration Inspiratory and expiratory muscles are both activated during speech Important to control speech breathing for phrasing and appropriate volume Kids often lack control compared to adults Breath support disrupted cid 224 influences rate fluency voice intelligibility and volume i e when you get nervous giving a speech your voice might sound shaky Lifespan Issues of the Respiratory System Resting tidal breathing rate decreased from birth to adulthood because developing more alveoli lung development 2 Infants at birth 30 80 breaths per minute Age 3 20 30 breaths per minute Adult 17 22 breaths per minute Maximum lung capacity reached in early adulthood Affected by exercise health and smoking The Laryngeal System Larynx voice box Air valve Composed of cartilages muscle and fatty tissue Main sound generator for speech production Structures of the Laryngeal System Hyoid bone Cartilages thyroid cricoid arytenoids epiglottis The Vocal Folds 5 layers Attach to thyroid cartilage front and arytenoids back Vibration when air passes through folds speech is produced To change pitch the vocal folds have to be lengthened and tightened When tight less air passes through the folds Muscles of the Larynx Intrinsic posterior crioarytenoid lateral crioarytenoid interarytenoid thyroarytenoid criothyroid 3 Extrinsic sternothyroid thyrohyoid inferior constrictor muscles Lifespan Issues of the Laryngeal System Newborns Larynx small and high in the neck Have not developed Makes it possible for infant to breathe and nurse at the same time 10 20 years of age Larynx reaches final position around the 7th cervical vertebrae Laryngeal cartilages become less pliable with age Vocal folds increase in length differently for males and females Become less flexible with age Infants 4 6mm in length and increase in length at equal rates for males and females until puberty Female puberty vocal folds increase to 12 17mm Male puberty vocal folds increase to 15 25mm Female adults average vocal folds length is 21mm Male adults average vocal folds length is 29mm The longer the vocal folds the more elasticity causes pitch difference September 22 2011 Articulatory Resonating System Supralaryngeal tract anything above hyoid bone Composed of 4 Oral cavity Nasal cavity Pharyngeal cavity vocal tract Vocal tract acoustic tube that shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds Structures of Articulatory Resonating System Faial skeleton and cranium 22 bones Teeth Play primary role in articulation Adults have 32 in alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla hard palette composed of bone of maxilla Mandible and maxilla influence how structures come together for articulation Important to observe how teeth are forming Teeth shape air for certain consonant sounds Missing teeth effect speech production Overbite and under bites can cause articulation difficulties especially when consonant sounds require air to build up in the mouth Tongue Important for vowel production Muscular hydrostat Five components Body root dorsum blade tongue tip Root and dorsal help to create additional constriction within the oral cavity Intrinsic muscles confined within the tongue Superior longitudinal pulls lateral side edges of tongue up 5 Inferior longitudinal pulls tongue tip downward Vertical and transverse together help to narrow or broaden tongue and flatten the tongue Extrinsic muscles outside of the tongue but insert into tongue structure All work together to change the position of the tongue in the oral cavity Styglossus palatoglossus hyoglossus genioglossus Velum soft palette elevates and separates pharyngeal cavity and nasal cavity Elevates constriction velopharyngeal closure During swallowing if both cavities are not separated chocking can occur Velum pharyngeal closure important for articulation If does not close properly cleft palette and or cleft lip can occur Velum pharyngeal deficiency nasal sounds when speaking Uvula if infected can impact vocal production Lifespan Issues of the Articulatory Resonating System Bones of the skull reach adult size by 8 years Newborns have 45 separate skulls bones that fuse into 22 at adulthood Lower facial bones reach adult size at 18 years Dentition emerges around 6 months and is complete around 3 years Secondary dentition complete around 18 years Newborn s tongue occupies most of the oral cavity cid 224 part of why we don t expect them to produce proper speech sounds Tongue reaches adult size around 16 years Length and volume of the oral cavity increases throughout development cid 224 changes the overall resonant characteristics 6 The Speech Production Process Begins with phonation Phonation when air pressure build up beneath vocal folds in a closed position Requires properly