CHAPTER 4 Childhood Language Impairment MLU Mean Length of Utterance The mean number of morphemes used per sentence Used for child language development Fast Mapping Inferring meaning from context and using the word in a similar manner SLI Specific Language Impairment When a child s language abilities do not develop normally Significant language impairment Dialect Language variance due to change in culture Effects form use content Accent Variance in pronunciation due to culture Language Variation General language variations Dynamic assessment Non standardized assessment approach used to determine a child s ability to learn Test Teach Test Matthew Effects Rich get Richer kids starting off bad are only getting First word checklist 7 skills to determine if a child is on track Screening further behind for autism DISORDERS Intellectual Disabilities Mental retardation Learning Disabilities Heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the development and use of listening speaking reading writing reasoning or mathematical abilities SLI Specific Language Impairment Language performance is significantly lower than nonverbal intelligence Autism Spectrum Disorder People with autism Brain Injury LI impairment due to head trauma Neglect and Abuse LI due to neglect or abuse Fetal Alcohol and Drug Exposure Fetuses exposed to drugs and alcohol CHAPTER 9 Articulation and Phonological Disorders Articulation Rapid and coordinated movement of the tongue teeth lips and palate to produce sound Phonology The study of sound systems of language Phoneme The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from the other Vowel Open vocal tract Made from lungs and travels through vocal chords Consonant Some vocal tract constriction or occlusion Childhood Apraxia of Speech Brain impairment affecting the ability to program organize and plan and execute movements of speech muscles Intelligibility The ability to understand what has been detected auditorilly Stimulability The ability to imitate a target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues SOUND ERRORS Substitutions The production of one phoneme in place of another Omissions The absence of a phoneme that has not been produced EAR Distortions A deviant production of a phoneme Additions The insertion of a phoneme that is not part of the word CHAPTER 12 Audiology Peripheral Nervous System Comprises of the outer ear middle ear inner ear and vestibulocochlear nerve Central Nervous System Comprises of the auditory brain stem and auditory cortex of the brain Outer Ear Consists of pinna and external auditory meatus Enhances sound and facilitates localization Middle Ear Consists of tympanic membrane Ear drum Vibrates with sound Inner Ear Consists of cochlea and hair cells Sends sound to central nervous system Ear Drum Vibrates in response to sound and located in middle ear Cochlea Portion of the inner ear containing the sensory cells of the auditory system Has two labyrinths outer consists of bone and inner consists of membrane Hair Cells Receptor cells located in inner ear TYPES OF HEARING LOSS Conductive Occurs in outer and middle ears Mixed Contains both Conductive and Sensorineural Sensorineural Occurs in inner ear HEARING ASSESSMENT METHODS Otoscopic Exam Small handheld device used to visually inspect the external Behavioral Observation Audiometry Infant testing Uses stimuli and auditory canal and eardrum watches for signals of a response Visual Reinforcement Audiometry Test for children where they are rewarded for localizing to a test signal of moving toys and or flashing lights Pure Tone Audiometry Air and Bone Conduction A test used to assess hearing sensitivity at discrete sensitivities Auditory Brainstem Response Records neural responses in the first 5 to 6 milliseconds after sound stimulation Otoacoustic Emissions low intensity sounds echoes generated within the cochlea as a result of outer hair cell movement Tympanogram Tympanometry Plots compliance of inner ear Hearing Aid Amplify speech Make it audible and improve intelligibility Cochlear Implant Electronic amplification device placed in the cochlea providing stimulation to surviving auditory nerve fibers FORM CONTENT USE
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