Psyc 340 Exam 2 Textbook Notes Ch 3 pg 62 86 Experimental Situations Fear Conditioning little Albert conditioned fear generalized to other furry things US electric shock CS tone light or contextual cues In addition to freezing fear induced immobility can be indirectly measured through conditioned suppression procedures involves the suppression of ongoing behavior Eyeblink Conditioning CS tone US puff of air group 1 CS US group 2 CS explicitly unpaired with US classical conditioning requires the pairing of a CS and US learning was not observable at first Box 3 2 pp 66 encode the relationship between biologically significant events this biological memory is search started in the hippocampus which reflected the learning of CS US association removing parts of the brain didn t effect eye blink conditioning suggested essential circuitry for eye blink in the brainstem and cerebellum UR is mediated by neurons projecting to the trigeminal nucleus called engram Sign Tracking and Goal Tracking sign tracking autoshaping for conditioned pecking to occur the key light had to be paired with food goal tracking is an individual difference some rats ignore the lever and go straight to the food cup when the CS is presented they are tracking the goal object individual differences are genetically based Learning Taste Preferences and Aversions CS sensory aspects of food US postingestional consequences of eating preference flavor nutritional repletion other positive consequences aversion flavor aversive consequence food aversion learning can be independent of rational thought processes different from other forms of classical conditioning because 1 can be learned in just one pairing and 2 learning occurs even if the illness does not occur until several hours after exposure evaluative conditioning our evaluation or liking of a stimulus is changed by having that stimulus associated with something we already like or dislike Excitatory Pavlovian Conditioning Methods excitatory conditioning organisms learn a relation between a CS and US as a result presentation of the CS activates behavioral and neural activity related to the US in absence of the actual presentation of the US Common Pavlovian Conditioning Procedures FIG 3 8 pp 73 intertrial interval the time from the end of one conditioning trial to the start of the next interstimulus interval CS US interval the time from the start of the CS to the start of the US within a conditioning trial short delayed conditioning delaying the start of the US less than 1 min slightly after the start of the CS the CS starts each trial may continue during the US or end when the US begins Trace Conditioning the CS starts before the US but there is a gap between US and CS called the trace interval Long delayed conditioning CS starts before US US delayed much longer 510 min no trace interval i e the CS lasts until the US begins Simultaneous conditioning present the two stimuli at the same time or concurrently Backward conditioning the US occurs shortly before rather than after the CS 1 Measuring Conditioned Responses test trial consists of presenting the CS by itself without the US magnitude how much of the conditioned behavior occurs CR vigor of responding can also be measured by how often the CS elicits a CR reflects the probability of responding latency measure how soon the CR occurs after the onset of the CS Control Procedures for Classical Conditioning our interest is in how the CS and US become associated pseudo conditioning if exposure to just the US produces increased responding to a previously ineffective stimulus a control procedure should involve the same number and distribution of CS and US presentations as the experimental procedure but arranged so that they do not become associated random control procedure present the US at random times during both the CS and the inter trial interval making sure the probability of the US is the same during the inter trial interval as it is during the CS does not prevent the development of conditioned responding explicitly unpaired control involves presenting the CS and US on separate trials Effectiveness of Common Conditioning Procedures All procedures can produce strong learning and vigorous conditioned responding The trace interval makes termination of the CS a better predictor of the US than the onset of the CS anticipation of the US are more likely to occur during the trace interval than during the CS the reason there is no best pavlovian conditioning is that organisms don t just learn the CS US association but also learn when the US occurs in relation to the CS temporal coding hypothesis view that classical conditioning involves not only learning what to expect but when to expect Inhibitory Pavlovian Conditioning inhibitory conditioning learn to predict the absence of the US Procedures for Inhibitory Conditioning general rule inhibitory conditioning and inhibitory control of behavior occur only if there is an excitatory context for the US in question Pavlov s Procedure for Conditioned Inhibition FIG 3 11 pp 79 involves 2 CSs and two kinds of conditioning trials one for excitatory and one for inhibitory the US is presented on excitatory conditioning trials and whenever the US occurs it is announced by a stimulus labeled the CS becomes a signal for the US provides the excitatory context during inhibitory conditioning trials the CS is presented together with the second stimulus CS light and the US does CS tone not occur CS presented with excitatory context provided by CS but the CS is not paired with the US CS is a conditioned inhibitor or signal for the absence of the US 2 EX traffic light CS red light CS gestures of police officer Negative CS US Contingency or Correlation FIG 3 12 pp 80 involves just a CS that is negatively correlated the US is less likely to occur after the CS than at other times with the US excitatory context is provided by environmental cues the aversive US may occur shortly after the CS occasionally but it is much more likely to occur in the absence of the CS Measuring Conditioned Inhibition Bidirectional Response Systems certain behavioral responses are bidirectional conditioned excitation results in a change in behavior in one direction and the conditioned inhibition results in a change in behavior in the opposite direction typically measured indirectly by the two following procedures The Compound Stimulus or Summation Test based on the idea that conditioned inhibition counteracts inhibits