PSYC 340 1st EditionLecture 24Current LectureWhat you missed last class (04.23.15)I. Reasoning in Chimps A. Can animals reason? 1. Best evidence comes from work with chimps (Premack and Gillan)B. Transitive inferential reasoning 1. The ability to infer that, if A<B and B<C, then A must be less than C a. A<B<C<D<EC. Analogical reasoning 1. Man is to boy as woman is to ___________2. Sarah the chimpanzee – trained her with shapes 3. Perceptual based analogies a. Based on size; big shape is to little shape as big shape is to ? i. Little shape ii. 85% of the time4. Conceptual-based analogies a. Lock is to key as can is to…? i. Can opener or paintbrush? b. About 80% accuracy c. Suggest they understand second-order reasoning II. Intelligent Crows A. Large relative brain size B. Evidence of tool use C. Scrub jays – evidence of episodic-like memory 1. They live in the desert, so they often have to hide their food and store it for later(survival) a. Given food, and bury it 2. Will move food if they think someone is watching them a. Aware of the social context 3. Update strategies based on new info a. Give them crickets (new) – expire before worms, will learn to eat the crickets before the worm from now on D. Problem-solving in ravens 1. Raven and meat on a string III. Language A. The position of the behaviorists 1. Skinnera. Language follows these general laws of learning B. The position of the linguists 1. Chomskya. Outraged by Skinner These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Animal could never learn language even given enough timei. Cannot be taught—innate properties ii. A human thing iii. Grammar – it’s not like animals can do this IV. Language in chimps A. Early attempts to teach chimp a language 1. Kelloggs – raised a chimp with their own childa. Problem? Chimps lack the control over their tongue and lips B. Washoe (Gardners) 1. Learned ASL a. Up to 130 words and string 5 words together 2. Problems of interpretationa. Wasn’t sure if it was mimicry or actually true b. Couldn’t use it in a productive fashion i. Would answer questions, but really wouldn’t ask them ii. Just mimicking the trainers B. Sarah (Premack) 1. Learned about arbitrary plastic symbols (about 130 words) 2. Sarah understands many of the basic structures of language a. Yes/no questions b. Negation c. Class concepts (e.g., color, size) d. Quantifiers (all, none, some) e. Logical connectives (if then) f. Metalinguistic structures (e.g., name of) g. Wh- interrogative (e.g., where, when) 3. Evidence the symbol causes her to “think” of the concept it represents 4. Limitations a. She doesn’t use language in a productive fashion b. She doesn’t understand complex syntactic structures Final Exam I. Today is the last day of class! A. Make up exams on Thursday II. Final is 70 questions (140 points) A. 80 points (40 questions) on new material, the rest on old B. Don’t focus on the book for the old material, but do look at the neuroboxes (Grau will letus know) for the new material. C. 8am on May 12 Language (Continued) I. Sarah (Premack) A. Got really good at symbolic language B. But not in a productive fashion (will not spontaneously start talking; will answer questions) C. Also really bad at syntax 1. Given these data, the ability to use productive language and syntax is unique to humans2. Well, NOT TRUE! Based on pygmy chimps (bonobos) II. Language in pygmy chimps (Savage-Rumbaugh) A. Vocalize more, make eye contact, infant care1. Common chimp doesn’t make eye contact B. Kanzi acquired basic language through observation 1. Mother was very much like Sarah, but automated 2. Kanzi would watch his mother – had learned what most of the symbols meant just by watching his mother C. Uses language in a productive fashion 1. Not only to request things for himself but also to talk about others D. Also word order 1. “Sue bite Pat” rather than “Pat bite Sue” – understood the difference E. Has also learned to recognize spoken words 1. Did so without explicit training 2. Extracted the meaning of the words/sentence structures just from listening to the trainers a. Still can’t talk, but can understand what the trainers were saying III. Language in African Grey Parrot (Pepperberg) A. Why would you go for a parrot?1. Small brains – different from humans 2. Aren’t they just “parroting” the words? B. Alex C. Training paradigm 1. Relies on social modeling and intrinsic reward a. Premack: i. Rather than symbols, would use operant training for rewarding definitions ii. Pick up symbol for cup, get reward iii. But confusing – is the reward for the symbol, or for the cup?2. Did something else a. Trainers would be playing as trainer and parrot b. Trainer: “What’s this?” Other trainer: “Keys.” Would then get keys i. Alex would watch, then would try it b. Simplifies the relationship of the symbol of the object and the object B. Learned labels for about 40 objects 1. 7 colors and 5 shapes 2. Can count from one to six a. 4 keys, 3 corks b. Ask about total, will say seven, or will ask about particular items. C. Limitations 1. Lacks syntax 2. Does not understand second-order relations3. Is productive,
View Full Document
Unlocking...