where it states see box it s referring to my drawings As an added Editing is Finished convenience the links are embedded LEARNING ABOUT S S RELATIONS NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 3 6 Pavlovian conditioning in Aplysia Pairing specific enhanced sensitization see box 2 2 Why pairing specific It matters which CS is paired with the US US is the tail shock the mantle acts as a CS Shock the siphon acts as a CS No shock CS allows Ca to enter which fosters the conversion of ATP to cAMP by adenylate why does pairing the CS with the US cause a bigger magnitude Because AC works better in the presence of Ca more cAMP PKA K closed greater cyclase sensitization f AC is a coincidence detector To work better and yield learning needs 2 events 1 More Ca into the cell from CS 2 Facilitatory neuron activation in backwards temporal arrangement you get no learning because Ca is NOT in the sensory neuron until the CS happens touch has to be before shock this is called Pairing Specific Enhanced Sensitization basically pairing matters We start to see ENGRAM here or a network of neurons that encode the relationship between biologically significant events and use that information to guide the selection of a CR Neurobiological Mechanisms Cont 1 Editing is Finished where it states see box it s referring to my drawings As an added convenience the links are embedded Cerebellum and the conditioned eyeblink Thompson we knew a whole lot about it behaviorally decerebration you take everything above the midbrain out 80 brain dead activity in the forebrain if the activity in in the midbrain is dead you re just dead dead Advantages of the eyeblink paradigm All you need for eye blink conditioning is the brainstem and cerebellum Methods of studying eyeblink conditioning Lesion electrolytic neurochemical spares fibers of passage To show which regions have necessary roles Inference of function through dysfunction can do it temporarily nowadays Activation electrical and neurochemical To show activity is sufficient to produce CR Mimicry substitution Record activity cellular and regional To show neurons in circuit are engaged If neural activity is important we should be able to artificially turn neurons on and get a response WITHOUT any stimulus Look for correlations in neural activity protein expressions Note that here disconfirming evidence is more informative correlation causation Neural systems See Box 3 2 US pathway from trigeminal n tone electrical stimulation in trigeminal n yields a CR critical to US pathway 2 Editing is Finished where it states see box it s referring to my drawings As an added convenience the links are embedded the system turns off the higher components of US path once A is learned learning completely falls apart if lesioned BEFORE training get extinction if AFTER training unable to register US no CR can occur CS pathway from auditory n Convergence interpositus n this is where the CS and US meet learning occurs HERE which means no learning if you lesion before this point on CS OR US pathway Inhibition of inferior olive and blocking GABA inhibitory input from PCs in Cortex The system turns off the higher parts of US when A is learned trial such that the CS comes to replace the US in effect This decreases the magnitude of the US compared to the CS for each pairing basically you now have CS CR instead of US CR Explains SR links untrained Lesioning abolishes CR s in trained animals and results in the inability to acquire eyeblink CRs in shows that interpositus is sufficient and necessary for learning and execution of CRs CR pathway red n this pathway is important to the CR Lesion no CR learning has already occurred at this point interpositus n but if you lesion here you will not see any EXPRESSION of learning CR The animal can t respond so it LOOKS like it has not learned Amygdala and emotion Role in fear Fanselow LeDoux critical see box 4 3 primary roles in the processing of memory decision making and emotional reactions forms associations with memory of the stimuli and mediated by LTP 3 Editing is Finished where it states see box it s referring to my drawings As an added convenience the links are embedded involved in detecting and learning what parts of our surroundings are important and have emotional significance Phineas Gage the railroad spike guy damaged amygdala on both sides of brain fear has an adaptive function keeps you from doing stupid stuff Neural systems US pathways CS pathways simple CS input goes directly from the sensory thalamus to the basolateral amygdala rather than through the cortex Convergence within the basolateral amygdala CS and US are glued together here learning glued via ATP and NMDA LTP involved if you block NMDA with drugs MK 801 or APV no fear conditioning provides a biological link that endows a CS with the capacity to elicit fear context alone can drive the neural machinery that generates fear CS can now produce analgesia just like the US could can observe a blocking effect of other stimuli due to analgesia Onward to the central nucleus output of learning from here you go to many different brain structures one of these is the PAG this structure quantifies surprise Vt and sends the difference up to the amygdala in other words PAG quantifies the difference between what is expected and what actually occurs AKA surprise rescorla is not going away 3 18 ENCODING COMPLEX STIMULUS RELATIONS 4 Editing is Finished where it states see box it s referring to my drawings As an added convenience the links are embedded Distinction between explicit and implicit memory Explicit meditated declarative actively encoded requires conscious effort to Basic properties encode recall implicit unmediated learning encoded in the background Here is how I teach this concept to people Think about the door in your house apartment Tell me which side right or left are the hinges on if you are inside You know the answer don t you That is implicit memory the unconscious encoding of the context surrounding you You don t sit down and train yourself to know which side of the door the hinges are on you just know it because you implicitly encoded that information into your memory Explicit memory on the other hand is something you actively try to remember For example when most people learn to drive an automatic they have to consciously remember that the right pedal is gas and the left pedal is brakes After you ve driven for a while you don t have to think so hard about it right That s LTP The more you do a