Note The reading is not in any sort of order chronologically so I m going through the sections as he assigned them Chapter 8 i stimulus discrimination procedure or differential responding i ii establishes control by the stimuli that signal when reinforcement is and is not available in classical conditioning i i a procedure in which one stimulus CS is paired with the US on some trials and another stimulus CS is presented without the US on other trials As a result of this the CS comes to elicit a conditioned response and the CS inhibits this response a procedure in which reinforcement for responding is available whenever one stimulus the S or S D is present and not available whenever another stimulus the S or S is present iii in instrumental conditioning ii stimulus generalization the opposite of stimulus discrimination i ii when an organism responds in a similar fashion to two or more stimuli iii first observed by Pavlov iii stimulus generalization gradient i the graph to the right is an example of the stimu lus generalization gradient works ii when an animal is conditioned to salivate to a tone that is 500 Hz and you change the tone s frequency the amount salivated will change ac cordingly forms a bell curve iv overshadowing i ii i the phenomenon that how strongly organisms learn about one stimu lus depends on how easily other cues in the situations can be condi tioned illustrates competition among stimuli for access to the processes of learning v stimulus element approach the belief that since it is assumed subjects treat various components of a complex stimulus as distinct and separate elements the simulta neous presentation of a light and tone are consisting of separate vis ual and auditory cues vi configural cue approach i the belief that it is assumed that organisms treat a compound stimulus as an integral whole that is not divided into parts or elements vii stimulus discrimination training procedure for bringing behavior under the control of a stimulus training with a stimulus discrimination procedure that results in stim ulus discrimination sorry that s the least helpful definition ever it s what the book gives I will improve it after Dr Grau talks about it viii discriminative stimuli stimuli that have gained control over the individual s behavior in a stimulus discrimination procedure ix multiple schedule of reinforcement a different schedule of reinforcement is in effect during different stim uli x positive patterning procedure in which whenever each of two stimuli occur individually they are not reinforced A and B trials but whenever the two stimuli occur together they are reinforced AB trials xi negative patterning a procedure in which whenever each of two stimuli occur individually they are reinforced C and D and whenever they occur together they are not reinforced CD xii intradimensional discrimination i ii a training procedure in which the S and S differ only in terms of the value of one of stimulus feature for example the S is a tone at 500 Hz and the S is also a tone but at 240 Hz xiii peak shift effect counterintuitive phenomenon of intradimensional discrimination i ii a displacement of the highest rate of responding in a stimulus gener alization gradient away from the S in a direction opposite the S xiv excitatory generalization gradient a gradient of responding that is observed when organisms are tested with the S from a discrimination procedure and with stimuli that in creasingly differ from the S ii Typically the highest level of responding occurs to the S progres sively less responding occurs to stimuli that increasingly differ from the S iii gradient has an inverted U shape bell curve xv stimulus equivalence xvi conditional relation generalized responding among a set of stimuli i ii i i i i i i i a relation in which the significance of one stimulus or event depends on the status of another stimulus xvii modulator a stimulus that signals the relation between two other events i ii may signal that a CS will be followed by a US or that an instrumental response will be reinforced xviii iii i is part of a conditioned relation in which the status of a binary rela tion depends on the status of the modulator occasion setting or facilitation a procedure in which one cue designates when another cue will be re inforced Pg 130 154 i positive reinforcement rewarding good behavior with an enjoyable stimulus such as giving a child who cleans their room a cookie ii punishment or positive punishment discouraging bad behavior with an unenjoyable or aversive stimulus such as reprimanding a child who does not clean their room iii omission training or negative punishment instrumental procedure in which delivery of reinforcer is prevented if instrumental target response is performed ii basically you have to go against your conditioning to get the rein forcer hence negative punishment iv differential reinforcement of other behavior another word for omission training procedures v avoidance vi belongingness essentially aversion the result of negative reinforcement certain responses naturally belong with the reinforcer because of the animal s evolutionary history vii instinctive drift viii behavioral contrast the extra responses that develop in food reinforcement situations the phenomenon that a large reward is treated as especially good af ter a small reward positive behavioral contrast and that a small re ward is treated as especially poor after a large reward negative be havioral contrast ix temporal relation x temporal contiguity refers to the time between a response and a reinforcer refers to the delivery of the reinforcer immediately after the response xi response reinforcer contingency or causal relation refers to the extent to which the instrumental response is necessary and sufficient to produce the reinforcer xii secondary or conditioned reinforcer conditioned stimulus that was previously associated with the rein forcer i ii i ii i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii xiii marking procedure a procedure in which the instrumental response is immediately fol lowed by a distinctive event that makes the instrumental response more memorable and helps overcome the deleterious effects of de layed reinforcement xiv contiguity or temporal contiguity the occurrence of two events such as a response and a reinforcer at the same time of very close together in time xv superstitious behavior behavior that increases in frequency because of accidental pairings of the delivery of a