BLOOD Functions of blood o Maintain homeostasis by transporting regulates body pH and temp and provides protection by clotting and immune defense Transmitted by blood o Gasses nutrients and hormones Not transmitted by blood o Air bubbles debris fat embolus What the blood components are o Plasma and Cells o WBC made up of Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophil Basophils If imbalances and each disease of WBC ARE o Elevated of lymphocytes is acute viral infection o Leukocytosis is WBC 10 000 indicated infectious process or cancer o Leukopenia is WBC 5 000 indicated severe disease AIDS malnutrition chemo o Elevated of neutrophils is bacterial infection o Lymphocytic leukemia WBC 150 000 90 are cancerous lymphocytes Understand plot formation steps of fibrin fibrinolysis o Clotting involves amplification and positive feedback clots enlarge and impair blood flow through undamaged vessels o Fibrinolytic system dissolves small inappropriate clots ones at healed site plasmin actively dissolves Hemoglobin molecule o Carries 4 molecules of O2 o Each RBC contains 280 million molecules of Hgb If we increased red blood cells what physiological response would increase o Oxygen carrying capacity What an immature RBC is called o Reticulocyte o Reticulocyte measures rate of RBC productions o Matures in bone marrow Erythropoiesis o Part of hematopoiesis that deals with RBC production o Increases during states of hypoxia O2 deficiency o Stimulates kidneys to release EPO Hematocrit measures o Of RBC by volume Universal Recipient o Type AB Universal Donor o Type O Reduce blood loss in 3 steps o Vascular spasm blood vessels constrict o Formation of a platelet plug platelets adhere to damaged endothelium o Blood clotting coagulation Extrinsic few steps and rapid once TF leaks into blood Intrinsic slow complex in response to damaged endothelial cells or phospholipids released by activated platelets Both meet at common point where factor X is activated After common point prothrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads How formed elements of blood develop o Difference of 2 erythropoiesis only red blood cell formation hemopoiesis all cells HEART Functions of heart flow regulates blood supply Right side vs left side of heart o Generate BP routes blood pulmonary and systemic ensures 1 way o Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins o Left ventricle pumps blood to rest of body o Right atrium receive blood returning from body o Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs to become oxygenated Know valves and flow of blood through heart o AV valves Separate atria and ventricle Right tricuspid left bicuspid o Semilunar valves Right pulmonary Left atrial When cusps are filled valve is closed When cusps are empty valve is open Electrical conduction of the heart know in order o Starts at SA node pacemaker cardiac muscle cells generates spontaneous action potentials o AV node action potentials conducted slowly here assures ventricles contract after atria contracts o AV bundle passes through hole in cardiac skeleton to reach o AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches extend to interventricular septum ventricles o Purkinje fibers conduct action potentials to ventricular muscle cells Pericardium double layered sac surrounding heart o Fibrous tough outer layer prevents distention acts as anchor o Serous thin inner layer simple squamous parietal lines outer layer visceral covers heart surface Tissue layers of heart o Epicardium smooth outer surface o Myocardium middle layer composed of cardiac muscle heart contractions different o Endocardium smooth inner surface of heart 3 diseases of heart o Rheumatic heart disease Results from a streptococcal infection in young people toxin produced by the bacteria can cause rheumatic fever several weeks after the infection that can result in rheumatic endocarditis What is going on inside cell with sodium calcium and potassium gates and repolarization If looking at action potential of skeletal muscle vs cardiac muscle o Cardiac conducted cell to cell and the graph has a plateau phase longer repolar because we have plateau phase EKG P wave QRS and T wave and what each represents o P wave DAM AC depolarization of myocardium and signals onset of atrial contraction o QRS complex VD VC RA ventricular depolarization ventricular contraction repolarization of atria o T wave RV VR repolarization of ventricles ventricle relaxation Heart sounds and why we hear them o First heart sound or lubb AV valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole o Second heart sound or dupp Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole lasts longer o Third heart sound occasional Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one third of diastole Cardiac output Stroke Volume Heart rate MAP o Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute o CO SV x HR o Blood pumped during each heart beat o Number of times heart beats per minute o Mean arterial pressure o Average blood pressure in aorta o MAP CO x PR total resistance against which blood must be pumped Afterload definition o Pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in the aorta and move blood into the aorta Heart not as sensitive to this as it is to changes in preload Sterling s law of heart o Preload Starling s law of the heart The amount of stretch of the ventricular walls The greater the stretch preload the greater the force of contraction CARDIOVASCULAR Baroreceptors BP o BP increases increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic HR and SV decrease blood vessels dilate decrease resistance o BP decreases increase sym and decrease para HR SV increase Chemoreceptors o2 co2 pH o Decreased blood O2 and pH and increased CO2 decrease parasympathetic and increase sympathetic stimulation of the heart which increases the heart rate o Decreased blood pressure decrease parasympathetic and increase sympathetic stimulation of the heart which increases the heart rate o Increased blood pressure increase in parasympathetic and decrease in sympathetic decrease heart rate Functions of circulatory system o Carry blood o Exchange nutrients waste products and gases o Transport of hormones components of the immune system molecules required for coagulation enzymes nutrients gases waste products etc o Regulate blood pressure o Directs blood flow Order of artery to vein or vice versa o
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