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1 List the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system and describe their relationship to each other Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system brain and spinal cord Many different kind of sensory information The source of though emotions and memory Gives rise to signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete Peripheral nervous system nervous tissue that lie in the periphery or outer regions of the body Cranial nerves spinal nerves ganglia enteric plexuses in small intestine Somatic nervous system sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptos in the head body wall and limbs and from recepts for the special senses of vision hearing tast and smell to the CNS and motor neurons that conduct impulse from the CNS to skeletal muscles only VOLUNTARY Autonomic nervous system sensory neurons that convey information from autonomic sensory receptors to the CNS and motor neurons tha toncduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands INVOUNTARY Enteric nervous system brain of the gut INVOLUNTARY 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves connect CNS to PNS Sensory function is afferent toward the CNS detect Somatic afferents from skin skeletal muscles and joints Visceral afferents from your guys Integravie function processes sensory information Motor function is efferent away from the CNS may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors Somatic efferent voluntary nervous system of skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system involuntary of smooth muscles cardiac muscles glands adipose tissue and other Sympathetic fight or flight Parasympathetic rest and digest GRAPH ON PAFE 449 SNS From CNS somatic motor neurons voluntary skeletal muscles Somatic and special sensory receptors and somatic sensory neurons go to the CNS ANS From the CNS automatic motor neurons involuntary sympathetic and parasympathic divisions 1 smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands or 2 enteric motor neurons invontary in enteric plexuses Autonomic sensory receptors and autonmic sensory neurons go to the CNS ENS Enteric snesoty receptors and enteric sensory neurons in GI tract and enteric plexuses go to the CNS and enteric motor neurons involuntary in enteric plexuses smooth muscle glands and endoctine cells of GI tract Histology of Nervous Tissue 2 Describe the types of glial cells their function and location in the nervous system NEUROGLIA glial glue cells half volume of CNS Do not generate or propagate action potentials and they can multiply and divide in the mature nervous system CNS Astrocytes star are glial cells of the CNS regulate chemical environment around neurons and exchange between neurons and capillaries Largest and most numerous Contain microfiliments that five them strength wrap around blood capillaries isolate neurons of the CNS from various potentially harmful substances in blood by secreting chemicals that maintain the unique selective permeability characteristics of the endothelial cells of the capillaries Embryo secrete chemicals that appear to refulare the frowht mifration and interconnection among neurons in the brain Help to maintain the appropriate chemical environment for the generation of nerve Play a role in learning and memory by influencing the formation of neural synapse CNS Microglia monitor health of CNS and perform immune functions for neurons CNS Ependymal Cells glial cells of CNS line cavities of brain and spinal cord and help circulate impulses phagocyte spinal fluid Blood brain barrier CNS Oligodenrocytes glial cells of the CNS that wrap around neurons to form myelin sheaths Forming and maintain myelin sheath around CNS axons several PNS Satellite Cells surround neuron cell bodies within gaglia Providing structural support Regulate the exchanges of materal between beuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid PNS Schwann Cells Nerolemmocytes surround nerve fibers forming a myelin sheath myelinates a single axon participate in axon regeneration 3 Explain the physiological characteristics of mature neurons Speicalized cells that conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another 1 They have extreme longevity given good nutrition neurons can function optimally for a lifetime 2 They are amitotic Neurons assume their roles as communicating links of the nervous system they lose their ability to divide 4 Discuss the anatomy of a neuron and the function of each structure Cell body a major biosynthetic center containing the usual organelles except for centriples Dendrites cell process that are the receptive regions of the cell Axon generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals 5 Describe the anatomy and function of the myelin sheath and differentiate between myelinated and unmyelinated neurons The myelin sheath is a whitish fatty segmented covering that protects insulates and increases conduction velocity of axons 6 Define the structural and functional categories of neurons and compare how the structural class of a neuron relates to its functional class STRUCUTRAL CATEGORIES Multipolar neuron three or more processes All motor neurons Bipolar neuron single axon and dendrite Unipolar neuron single process extending from the cell body that is associated with receptors at the distal end Ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves Sensory receptors FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES Sensory afferent neurons conduct impulses toward the CNS from receptors Motor efferent neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors Interneurons association neurons conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons or in CNS integration pathways Most sensory neurons are unipolar in structure Motor neurons are multipolar in structure Most interneurons are multipolar in structure Neurophysiology 7 Define the terms voltage potential difference and current and describe how electrical current travels in the body Voltage is a measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between two points called The flow of electrical charge from point to point is called current and is dependent on voltage and the potential difference resistance hindrance to current flow In the body electrical currents are due to the movement of ions across cellular membranes 8 Name the various types of membrane channels and the signals that control each type Leak channel randomly alternate open and close Have more K leak than Na thus membrane is more permeable to K than to Na


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FSU PET 3322 - Nervous System

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