PET 3322 Test 3 In Class Review The Respiratory System Ventilation Movement of air into and out of lungs External respiration Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Flow Internal respiration Gas exchange between the blood and tissues Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity interior part of nose Pharynx passageway for air food resonating chamber stores tonsils Larynx Passage way for air between the pharynx and trachea includes the unpaired thyroid cartilage aka Adam s Apple Trachea Windpipe Primary bronchi each extend to a lung right is bigger than left Carina triggers the cough reflex Secondary bronchi lobar bronchi within the lung 2 in left 3 in right supply the lobes and segments of each lung Tertiary bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles end in terminal bronchioles Alveoli Gas exchange between blood and air Where does gas exchange occur In the alveoli where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place All the branches from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles are conducting airways they do not participate in gas exchange What part of the upper respiratory system is used in digestion Pharynx passage way for air and food What happens at the Respiratory Membrane The respiratory membrane of the respiratory zone in the lungs is where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place It is formed mainly by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries with some contribution by respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts The respiratory membrane is very thin to facilitate diffusion of gases O2 and CO2 get across respiratory by SIMPLE DIFFUSION Respiratory membrane has several layers o A thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus o The alveolar epithelium composed of simple squamous epithelium o A thin interstitial space o The basement membrane of the capillary endothelium o The capillary endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelium Explain the gas exchange process Respiration External respiration pulmonary is gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood PET 3322 Test 3 In Class Review Internal respiration tissue is gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the tissue of the body Breathing during Expiration Quiet Relaxation of the diaphragm with without contraction of the internal intercostal decrease size of the thorax increases the air pressure What causes how air flows in and out of lungs Pressure gradient Surface tension causes the alveoli to assume the smallest possible diameter and accounts for 2 3 of lung elastic recoil Lung compliance high lung compliance means the lungs and chest wall expand easily Laws Airway resistance the less airway resistance the greater airflow Boyle s Law Volume and pressure are inversely related Applies to containers with flexible walls thoracic cage o If there is an decrease in volume there will be a increase in pressure Dalton s Law Each gas is a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present Henry s Law Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the o A higher partial pressure of a gas O2 over a liquid blood means more partial pressures of the gas and its solubility of the gas will stay in the solution HOW EACH RELATES TO Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve curve o The Bohr Effect and how it relates to respiration o Bohr Effect The effect of pH on the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation o As blood flows from the lungs toward the tissues the increasing acidity decrease of pH increases H which decreases the hemoglobin s ability to bind to oxygen SHIFTS RIGHT Enhancing unloading of O2 o Conversely and increase in blood pH less acidic increases the o With the Bohr effect more oxygen is released because a n decrease in hemoglobin s ability to bind to oxygen pH acidosis weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond The Haldane Effect and how it relates to respiration Haldane Effect As hemoglobin releases oxygen the hemoglobin gains an increased ability to pick up carbon dioxide At the lungs oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity to carry CO2 and it is unloaded as we exhale The smaller the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin the greater the amount of carbon dioxide able to bind to it and vice versa Know major regulator of respiration Plasma concentration of CO2 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is PET 3322 Test 3 In Class Review increase of carbon dioxide Oxygen movement in blood Dissolved in blood plasma bound to hemoglobin What effect does aging have on Respiration Decreases Gas exchange across respiratory membrane Ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways Vital capacity maximum minute ventilation Increases Residual volume and dead space What are the receptors that are stimulated by extra CO2 Peripheral chemoreceptor Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions 70 in combination with blood proteins 23 primarily hemoglobin and in solution with plasma 7 Protective function of respiratory system is Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces Know during exercise how the oxygen and hemoglobin dissociation curve Carotid bodies respond rapidly to changes in blood pH because of exercise Ventilation increases abruptly Ventilation increases gradually o At onset of exercise o Movement of limbs has strong influence o Learned component o After immediate increase gradual increase occurs 4 6 minutes o Anaerobic threshold highest level of exercise without causing significant change in blood pH If exceeded lactic acid produced by skeletal muscles PET 3322 Test 3 In Class Review Digestive System Functions Ingestion introduction of food into stomach Mastication chewing mechanical digestion Propulsion Deglutition Swallowing Peristalsis moves material through the digestive tract Mixing segmental contractions Secretion added to digestive tract to lubricate liquefy buffer and digest food Digestion breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Absorption movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into circulation of the lymphatic system Elimination waste is removed from the body Purpose of saliva In digestive process Saliva starts the process of chemical digestion of food Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth Contains salivary amylase Purpose of salivary amylase A digestive enzyme that acts on starch
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