Unformatted text preview:

Exam 1Homeostasis1) Homeostasisa. Regulation of the bodyb. Balance=equilibrium=dynamic processc. Found in all living systemsd. Although conditions within the body are stable, this is a result of many dynamic processes that constantly adjust internal activities to match changing needse. Endocrine and nervous system works togetherf. Constantly adjusting to maintain a relatively constant conditioni. Large changes to the exterior, small changes to the interior of the bodyii. EX: blood pressure, glucose levels, and body temperature2) Homeostatic Control Mechanism-Imbalance to Balancea. Stimulus reacts to changeb. Change is detected by a receptorc. Receptor inputs the information along afferent pathway to the controlcenterd. Output information to effectore. Response of effector back to homeostasisf. Signaleffector organ back to normal3) Body Fluidsa. The volume and composition of the various fluids within our bodies are carefully regulatedb. Intracellular Fluid: the fluid inside the cellsc. Extracellular Fluid: all body fluids outside of the celli. Interstitial fluid- fluid between cells in tissuesii. Plasma- the fluid component of bloodiii. Lymph- the fluid in our lymphatic vesselsiv. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)- the fluid within the CNSv. Synovial Fluid – the fluid within most joints4) Negative Feedback Systema. Act to stabilize the body in the face of changing external and internal conditions. These systems cause an opposite response to the initial change, and so are self-limitingb. “Negative” because it gives an opposite responsei. EX: if blood pressure is too high, it must be lowered—one way is by vasodilation or the expansion of blood vessels which lowers pressurec. 3 Essential Componentsi. Receptor: detects changes in controlled conditions—sending an afferent signal to the control centerii. Control Center: decides the type and amount of the response the body needs 1. Sends output (nerve impulse) efferent signals to the effectorExam 1iii. Effector: reacts to signals from the control center and produces the required response—efferent signald. EXAMPLE: i. Body Temperature1. If the body temperature is too high or too low, it can cause different system disorders2. Normal body temperature is 98.63. Thermoreceptors: detect both increasing and decreasing body tempsa. They then send impulses to the brain4. Neurons in the hypothalamus control heat balance5. Too Hot: sweat glands are stimulatedii. Too Cold: body shivers/shakes5) Blood Pressure Regualtion- 3 Componentsa. Baroreceptors- detects increase of bloodpressure to communicate with the brainb. Brain- interprets info to send to heart andbloodc. Heart/Blood vessels- Take informationfrom the brain and alters the pressured. Beta Cells in hyperglycemiai. Blood glucose levels increaseii. Pancreas releases insuliniii. Increase in uptake of glucose by the liveriv. Glucose levels go back to normalv. Stimulation of insulin no longer secretede. Alpha cells in hypoglycemiai. Blood glucose levels decreasedii. Pancreas releases glucagoniii. Liver releases glucose to the blood by breaking down glycogeniv. Glucose levels go back to normalExam 1v. Stimulation of insulin is no longer secretedMembrane Transport1) Basic Structure of the Cella. Cells are made up of 3 parts:i. Plasma Membrane: Flexible outer surface of the cellii. Cytoplasm: Numerous organelles surrounded by the cytosoliii. Nucleus: large organelles with DNA and the cells chromosomes2) The Plasma Membrane:a. The separation of intracellular vs. extracellular materialb. Production of charge difference (membrane potential) across the membrane by regulation of intracellular and extracellular ion concentrationsi. Outside of membrane is positively charged compared to inside because of gathering ions along outside and inside3) The Fluid Mosaic Modela. Membrane permeability depends on the concentration gradient of the ion/moleculeb. Membrane Lipids i. Lipid bilayer forms the fabric of the membraneii. Composed of phospholipid molecules1. Head: Polar and hydrophilic (Loving water; water soluble; likes water)2. Tail: Uncharged, nonpolar, Hydrophobic (insoluble in water; doesn’t like water). It is made up of two fatter acid chainsc. Membrane ProteinsExam 1i. Integral (Intrinsic) Proteins: firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer; extend deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other1. Some only protrude from only one membrane surface2. Most are trans membrane: span the entire width of the membrane and stick out both sides3. Most are involved in transporta. Some clump together to form channels, or pores through which water-soluble molecules or ions can move through b. Others are carriers that bind to a substance and then move it through the membrane c. Receptorsii. Peripheral Proteins: are not embedded in the lipid bilayer1. They attach loosely to integral proteins at either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer2. Functionsa. Transport from one side to the otherb. Enzymatic activityi. Substrate to produce productsc. Receptors for signal transductioni. Neurotransmittersii. Hormones4) Channel Proteinsa. Gated ion channels can be opened or closed by certain stimuli5) Carrier Proteinsa. Also called transportersb. 3 Forms:i. Symporters: moves two particles in the same direction at the same timeii. Antiporters: moves two particles in opposite directions at the same time6) Receptor Proteinsa. Receptor molecules are linked to channel proteinsb. Attachment of receptor-specific chemical signals or receptorsc. Channel opens or closesd. Changes permeability to some substances i. EXAMPLE: Sodium7) Movement Through the Plasma Membranea. Diffusionb. Osmosisc. Mediated TransportExam 1i. Facilitated diffusionii. Primary Active transportiii. Secondary Active Transport8) Processesa. Passive Processi. Spontaneousii. Movement from higher to lower concentration (“downhill”)iii. This uses no energy due to it moving downhilliv. EXAMPLE:1. Simple diffusion, facilitate diffusion, osmosisb. Active Processi. Uses stored energyii. Movement is from lower to higher concentration (“uphill”)iii. EXAMPLE:1. Primary and secondary active transports9) Diffusiona. Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solutioni. Concentration of density gradient: difference between two pointsb. Passive Movement of Solutesi. Simple Diffusion:1. Movements of solutes directly through the lipid bilayer2. Along, down; nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances


View Full Document

FSU PET 3322 - Homeostasis

Documents in this Course
Chapter 1

Chapter 1

14 pages

Blood

Blood

7 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

16 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

14 pages

BLOOD

BLOOD

10 pages

BLOOD

BLOOD

7 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

10 pages

Notes

Notes

3 pages

BLOOD

BLOOD

10 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

30 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

13 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

12 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

12 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

15 pages

Blood

Blood

23 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

16 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

10 pages

EXAM 3

EXAM 3

13 pages

EXAM 1

EXAM 1

8 pages

The Cell

The Cell

19 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

37 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

32 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

19 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

25 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

8 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

34 pages

EXAM 4

EXAM 4

13 pages

EXAM 4

EXAM 4

13 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

16 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

28 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

13 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

14 pages

Load more
Download Homeostasis
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Homeostasis and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Homeostasis 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?