Anatomy Final Review PET 3322 The Respiratory System Functions 1 Regulation of blood pH 2 Production of chemical mediators 3 Voice production 4 Olfaction 5 Protection Flow Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea 1 bronchi 2 bronchi 3 bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Parts of the Respiratory System Nasal Cavity interior part of nose Pharynx passageway for air food resonating chamber stores tonsils Larynx Passage way for air between the pharynx and trachea includes the unpaired thyroid cartilage aka Adam s Apple Trachea Windpipe Primary 1 bronchi main bronchi each extend to a lung right is bigger than left Carina triggers the cough reflex Secondary 2 bronchi lobar bronchi within the lung 2 in left 3 in right supply the lobes and segments of each lung Tertiary 3 bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles end in terminal bronchioles Alveoli Gas exchange between blood and air Where does gas exchange occur In the alveoli where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place All the branches from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles are conducting airways they do not participate in gas exchange What part of the upper respiratory system is used in digestion Pharynx passage way for air and food What happens at the Respiratory Membrane The respiratory membrane of the respiratory zone in the lungs is where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place It is formed mainly by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries with some contribution by respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts The respiratory membrane is very thin to facilitate diffusion of gases It consists of several layers 1 A thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus 2 The alveolar epithelium composed of simple squamous epithelium 3 A thin interstitial space 4 The basement membrane of the capillary endothelium 5 The capillary endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelium Explain the gas exchange process Respiration Type I alveolar cells allows exchange of gases with the pulmonary Type II Cells secrete surfactant to prevent collapse of the alveoli capillaries during exhalation Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation Bronchial arteries branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs primarily perfusing the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles Explain the gas exchange process respiration External respiration pulmonary is gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood Internal respiration tissue is gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the tissue of the body What is the difference between quiet breathing and forced During normal QUIET inhalation the diaphragm and external intercostals contract During labored inhalation stenocleidomastoid scalenes and pectoralis minor also contract During normal QUIET exhalation diaphragm and external intercoastals relax contract During forceful exhalation abdominal and internal intercostal muscles The Diaphragm Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal rib muscles increase their size of the thorax This decreases the intrapleural pressure so air can flow in from the atmosphere inspiration Relaxation of the diaphragm with without contraction of the internal intercostals decrease size of the thorax increases the air pressure and results in exhalation The primary muscle of respiration all others are accessory Pressure Gradients 1 Surface tension causes the alveoli to assume the smallest possible diameter and accounts for 2 3 of lung elastic recoil 2 Lung compliance high lung compliance means the lungs and chest wall expand easily 3 Airway resistance the less airway resistance the greater airflow Role of Surfactant in Respiration Surfactant greatly reduces the tendency of the lungs to collapse Laws Boyle s Law Volume and pressure are inversely related Applies to containers with flexible walls thoracic cage If there is an decrease in volume there will be a increase in pressure Dalton s Law Each gas is a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present Henry s Law Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressures of the gas and its solubility A higher partial pressure of a gas O2 over a liquid blood means more of the gas will stay in the solution The Bohr Effect and how it relates to respiration Bohr Effect The effect of pH on the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve As blood flows from the lungs toward the tissues the increasing acidity decrease of pH increases H which decreases the hemoglobin s ability to bind to oxygen SHIFTS RIGHT Enhancing unloading of O2 Conversely and increase in blood pH less acidic increases the hemoglobin s ability to bind to oxygen With the Bohr effect more oxygen is released because a n decrease in pH acidosis weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond Bohr Effect and pH The Haldane Effect and how it relates to respiration Haldane Effect As hemoglobin releases oxygen the hemoglobin gains an increased ability to pick up carbon dioxide At the lungs oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity to carry CO2 and it is unloaded as we exhale The smaller the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin the greater the amount of carbon dioxide able to bind to it and vice versa How does Oxygen and Carbon dioxide get exchanged in respiration Transport process is Diffusion How does oxygen get transported through the blood Binds to hemoglobin and dissolves in blood plasma Oxygenated Hb is called oxyhemoglobin Hyper vs Hypo ventilate Hyperventilation causes decrease in blood PCO2 levels Peripheral vasodilation causes a decrease in BP Problem before diving Body does not have enough time to retain CO2 Hypoventilation Apnea Cessation of breathing Can be conscious decision but will lead to increase of PCO2 levels to the point that respiratory center overrides What effect does aging have on Respiration Decreases Gas exchanges across respiratory membrane Ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways Vital capacity and maximum minute ventilation Increases Residual volume and dead space The main regulator of respiration CO2 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is increase of carbon dioxide How is loudness and pitch of voice controlled The loudness of a person s voice depends on the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds Larynx The greater the amplitude of the vibration the louder the sound The frequency of the vibrations determines pitch with higher frequency vibrations causing a
View Full Document
Unlocking...