Anatomy and Physiology IExam IV Study GuideThe Respiratory System Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1. List the structures and functions of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. *images p.920-921Nose: specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system; divided into an external portion and an internal portion (nasal cavity).♦ External nose: portion of the nose visible on the face. Bony framework: frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae. Cartilaginous framework: septal nasal, lateral nasal cartilages, & alar cartilages. External nares (nostrils): two openings on the undersurface of the external nose. Three functions of interior structures:• Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air• Detecting olfactory stimuli• Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambersNasal Cavity: a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity.♦ Internal nares: two openings that allow the nasal cavity to communicate with the pharynx.♦ Lateral walls: formed by the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones.♦ Nasal vestibule: the anterior portion of the nasal cavity, just inside the nostrils; surrounded by cartilage.♦ Nasal septum: a vertical partition; divides the nasal cavity into right & left sides.♦ Vestibule: where air first enters the nostrils; lined by skin containing coarse hairs. Filters out large dust particles.♦ Nasal conchae: (superior, middle, & inferior) projections that form three shelves; extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Superior, middle, & inferior meatuses: groovelike passageways formed by the nasal conchae that subdivide each side of the nasal cavity.♦ Functions: Arrangement of conchae & meatuses • increases surface area in the internal nose • prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation blood in the capillaries• warms inhaled air mucus secreted by the goblet cells & nasolacrimal ducts• moistens the air • traps dust particles cilia move the mucus and trapped dust particles toward the pharynxParanasal Sinuses: cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity.♦ Produce & drain mucus♦ Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing2. Describe the structures of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.Pharynx: (throat) a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm long that starts at the internal nares & extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage.♦ Functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils.♦ Nasopharynx: superior portion of the pharynx; extends to the soft palate. Soft palate: forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth; arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid): contained in the posterior wall.♦ Oropharynx: intermediate portion of the pharynx; lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone. Fauces: the opening from the mouth; common passageway for food, air, and drink. Palatine & lingual tonsils♦ Laryngopharynx: inferior portion of the pharynx; begins at the level of the hyoid bone. At its inferior end, it opens into the esophagus. At its anterior end, opens into the larynx.Larynx: (voice box) a short passageway that connects the paryngopharynx with the trachea; lies in the midline of the neck, anterior to the esophagus. ♦ Cavity of the larynx: the space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.♦ Vestibule of the larynx: (true vocal cords) the portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal cords.♦ Thyroid cartilage: (Adam’s apple) consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx; triangular shape.♦ Thyrohyoid membrane: the ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.♦ Epiglottis: a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or drink. Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down & form a lid over the glottis.♦ Glottis: consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the true vocal cords in the larynx, and the rima glottidis. The closing of the pharynx in this way during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the esophagus & keeps them out of the larynx & airways.♦ Cricoid cartilage: a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx.♦ Arytenoid cartilages: (paired) triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage.♦ Corniculate cartilages: (paired) horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage; located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.♦ Cuneiform cartilages: (paired) club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages; support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis.Trachea: (windpipe) a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter; located anterior to the esophagus & extends from the laryx to the superior border of T5 where it divides into right & left primary bronchi.♦ The layers of the tracheal wall, from deep to superficial, are: Mucosa: consist of an epithelial layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium & an underlying layer of lamina propria that contains elastic & reticular fibers. Submucosa: consists of areolar connective tissue that contains seromucous glands & their ducts. Hyaline cartilage: 16-20 incomplete, horizontal rings; resember the letter C, are stacked one above another, & are connected together by dense connective tissue. Adventitia: composed of areolar connective tissue.♦ Trachealis muscle: transverse smooth muscle fibers; allow the diameter of the trachea to change subtly during inhalation & exhalation.3. Explain the structure of the lungs and the vascular and neural networks that supply them. Lungs: paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity; separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum.♦ The three membranous layers:♦ Base: the broad inferior portion of the lung;
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