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Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1- Figueroa•Homeostasis•Balance = equilibrium = dynamic process•found in all living systems•endocrine and nervous system works together for this•constantly adjusting to maintain a relatively constant conditiono Large changes exterior, small changes interior to the bodyo ex. blood pressure, glucose levels, and body temp- Homeostatic Control Mechanism- imbalance balance1. Stimulus reacts to change2. Change detected by receptor3. Receptor inputs information along afferent pathway  control center4. Output information to effector5. Response of effector back to homeostasis•Body fluids•Intracellular fluid- the inside our cells•Extracellular fluid- all body fluids outside the cell•interstitial fluid- fluid between cells in tissue•plasma- the fluid component of blood•lymph- the fluid in our lymphatic vessels•cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- the fluid within the CNS•Synovial fluid- the fluid within most joints•Negative Feedback System•most IMPORTANT feedback system = focus more on this type for test•“Negative” because it gives an opposite response•for example: if blood pressure is too high, you need to lower it (one way is by vasodilation or the expansion of blood vessels which lowers pressure)•3 essential components•receptor- detects changes in controlled conditions•control center- decide the type and amount of the response the body needs•sends signals to the effector•effector- reacts to signals from the control center and produces the required response•Ex. Body Temp•if the body temperature is too high or too low, it can cause different system disorders•normal temp: 98.6C•thermoreceptors: detect both increasing and decreasing body temps•they then send impulses to the brain•neurons in the hypothalamus control heat balance•if too hot: sweat glans are stimulated•if too cold: you shiver/ shake•Positive Feedback System•“Positive” because it continues/ enhances the direction in which stimulus is going•must be stopped or limited by an OUTSIDE event •Ex. Control of Labor•contractions begin•receptors realize that the cervix is being stretched so it tells the control center•the control center sends signals to the effectors to contract the muscles even more•stopped once the baby is born/ leaves the bodyBlood pressure regulation- 3 componentso Baroreceptors- detects change in blood pressure to communicate with the braino Brain- interprets info to send to heart and bloodo Heart and blood vessels- take info from brain and alteres the pressureo Beta cells in hyperglycemiao Alpha cells in hypoglycemiaCells are made of 3 pars1. plasma membrane- flexble outer surface of the cell2. cytoplasm- numerous organelles surrounded by cytosol3. nucleus- large organelle with DNA and the cellschromosomesThe Plasma Membrane•The fluid mosaic model•Membrane lipids •Lipid bilayer forms the fabric of the membrane•Composed of phospholipid molecules•Head = polar and hydrophilic (philic means itlikes water/ if water soluble)•Tail = hydrophobic (phobice means it is afraid ofwater/ insoluble in water). Uncharged, nonpolar.It is made up of two fatty acid chains •Membrane Proteins •Integral proteins: firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer•some only protrude from only one membrane surface•most are transmembrane: span the entire width of the membrane and stick out both sides•most are involved in transport•some clump together to form channels, or pores, through which water-soluble molecules or ions can move through•others are carriers that bind to a substance and then move it through the membrane•receptors•Peripheral proteins: are not embedded in the lipid•they attach loosely to integral proteins•Functions•transport from one side to the other•enzymatic activity•substrate to produce products•Receptors for signal transduction•Neurotransmitters•Hormones•Membrane Transport - Rate of diffusion primarily depends on concentration gradient (highlow)•Passive process= no energy used •Diffusion: the tendency of molecules or ions to move from high concentration to low concentration along their concentration gradient- Nonpolar- simple diffusion- Ions – ion channel- Polar- carrier mediated facilitated diffusion •passive transport- no energy- concentration gradient •occurs if:•lipid soluble•small•assisted by carrier molecule•Simple Diffusion: unassisted diffusion- nonpolar and lipid soluble •lipid soluble substances and nonpolar•oxygen and carbon dioxide•dependent on the concentration gradient•Facilitated Diffusion: assisted•Limited by the number of protein channels available•Amino acids, ions, and Glucose•travel via:•Carriers: binding to protein carriers in the membrane and ferried across•for bigger molecules•amino acids and glucose•Channels: moves through water-filled protein channels•ions/ electrolytes use channnels•Osmosis: the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane•Solutes attract water so always travel toward higher solute•Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane•Osmolarity: total concentration of a solute in a solution•Tonicity of osmosis- most of our body is in osmotic equilibrium•Isotonic: solutions with the same solute concentration as the cytosol•nothing happens•Hypertonic: solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol•loses water-> shrivels up•Hypotonic: solution has a lower solute concentration•gains water -> cell expands. if RBC ruptures= hemolysis•Active Process •Active Transport•Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion•Requires carrier protein that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substance•Solute pumps move solutes, most ions, against their concentration gradient•ATP is needed•Primary Active transport- ATP is source of energy•requires carrier proteins •Antiports: transport mechanism that moves two substances in opposite directions•ATP is energy.•ATPase breaks ATP into ADP as well as transports it•Ex. Sodium- Potassium Pump•Carrier is called: sodium-potassium ATPase•K+ inside the cell is 10x higher in concentration than outside of the cell•Na+ is higher in concentration outside•never have more Na+ inside•3 Na+ leaves (goes out of the cell) and 2 K+ move into the cell•the result the Na+/K+ pump ( the Na+) provides energy


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FSU PET 3322 - Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

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