SPA Study Guide Chapter One Define Communication Disorders Impairs the ability to both receive and send and also process and comprehend concepts or verbal nonverbal and graphic information It can affect hearing language and or speech process Can range from mild to profound severity and may be developmental or acquired Audiologist are specialist who measure hearing ability and identify assess manage prevent disorder of hearing and balance Schooling needed o 3 to 5 years of professional education beyond the bachelor s degree o Doctoral Degree Audiology doctorate AuD doctor of philosophy degree PhD doctor of education degree EdD in audiology o Beginning in 2012 Doctorate Four year graduate training program o After formal training Additional clinical experience Pass national exam praxis o ASHA American Speech and Hearing Association CCC A Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology o State license Where do they work o Schools o Outpatient clinics and hospitals o Government agencies o Industry OSHA o They are independent professionals no prescription from another healthcare provider is needed Who do they work with o Educational setting o prevention of hearing lost o consulting with government and industry on the effects and management of environmental noise o individuals with Audio processing disorder Who awards Certificates of Clinical Competence in Audiology o ASHA American Speech Language Hearing Association Speech Language Pathologists are professionals who provide an assortment of services related to communicative disorders Schooling needed o Master s Degree o Prescribed study including clinical practice o After formal training Additional clinical experience CFY Pass national exam PRAXIS o Public school certification o ASHA CCC SLP o State license Who do they work with Where do they work o With individuals who choose to modify a regional or foreign dialects o School systems almost half of all SLPs o Hospitals o Outpatient clinics o Rehabilitation centers o Skilled nursing facilities SNF o They are independent professionals no prescription from another healthcare provider is needed Speech Language and Hearing Scientists Schooling needed o Usually have a doctoral degree Where do they work clinics What do they do o Work in universities government agencies industry research centers and o Extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders o Speech Scientists Explore anatomy physiology and physics of speech o Language Scientists Investigate nature of language disorders in children sound production and adults o Hearing Scientists Investigate nature of sound noise and hearing Professional Aids sometimes referred to as paraprofessionals or speech language pathology or audiology assistant are individuals who work closely with SLPs or audiologist Difference between Speech Language Pathologists and Speech Language Pathology assistants o Speech Language Pathology assistants typically participate in routine therapy task under direction of SLP o SLPAs may perform screenings do clerical work assist in preparation of materials What is ASHA What are it s roles in communication disorders ASHA Founded 1925 o 135 000 members and affiliates ASHA promotes o Scientific study o Quality clinical services o High ethical standards o Advocacy for those with communication disorders ASHA largest organization of professionals working with communication disorders Know the basic objectives of PL 99 457 IDEA ADA o PL 99 457 extended the ages of those served to cover youngsters between ages of birth and 5 years for free and appropriate public education to children with disabilities o Individuals with disabilities Education Act IDEA addressed the multicultural nature of U S society o American s with disabilities ADA Chapter Two Define communication speech language Communication o Exchange of ideas between sender aka speaker and receiver aka o Satisfy needs and wants reveal feelings share information o is a socially shared code that is used to represent concepts This code uses arbitrary symbols that are combined in rule governed ways o Acoustic representation of language o Keep in mind communication can take many forms speech is only one of listener Language Speech them Know the characteristics of language and its three components Form including phonology morphology and syntax content and use Characteristics A socially shared tool rule governed grammar generative Each utterance is freshly created and dynamic language changes over time Form o Phonology o Morphology Sound system of a language Phonotactic Rules How sounds can be arranged in words Structure of words Morpheme Smallest grammatical unit aka smallest unit that carries meaning o Syntax How words are arranged in a sentence Rule based Content o Semantics The meaning of language Semantic features Pieces of meaning that come together to define a word Ex Girl and woman share the semantic features of feminine and human but child is generally considered a feature in girl and not in women o Pragmatics Driving force behind all language Refers to how and why we use language ASHA defines pragmatics as social language use Pragmatics involve 3 communication skills Using Lang for different purposes Changing language depending on situation and Following rules for conversations or storytelling Know and understand 3 features of speech Articulation o How speech sounds are formed what helps us talk o Begins with a motor plan that is carried out by the muscles of our articulators o Briefly our articulators include Tongue Lips Teeth Velum Fluency o Smooth forward flow of communication o Speaking rate the speech with which we talk can be expressed in terms of syllables words per second o Rhythm the timing of speech production Consider other languages and how different they sound from English Much of the perceptible difference can be accounted for by rhythmic pattern of the language o Prosody suprasegmentals the components of speech that includes rate and rhythm is referred to as prosody Prosodic features are known as suprasegmental Supra means above or beyond so suprasegmental features go beyond individuals speech sounds and are applied to whole phrases or sentences o The fluency of one s speech may change depending on the social context Voice of the communicative event o Tells us much about the speaker For example we can gauge the age sex and emotion of a speaker from their vocal features alone o The components of voice that make this possible include Pitch