PET3322 Exam 1 Pick the date Chapter 1 homeostasis Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another concrete Physiology concerns the function of the body how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities 8 characteristics of life cell organization metabolism growth development reproduction irritability adaptability homeostasis Pluripotent cells that can transform into other new cells Levels of structural organization chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level Organ a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that perform a specific function for the body Types of tissue 4 epithelium muscle connective nervous Metabolism the set of chemical and physical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by the endocrine system glands Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body Types of metabolic reactions 2 catabolic metabolic Catabolic large molecules are broken down into smaller ones energy is released ATP ADP Pi Energy Anabolic small molecules are combined together to form more complex substances energy is consumed ADP Pi Energy ATP Growth development aging We can enhance the quality of life but cannot reverse it For growth to occur constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones Growth is usually accomplished by increasing number of cells Reproduction to increase the number of cells The reproductive system is directly responsible for producing offspring but its exquisitely regulated by hormones of the endocrine system Irritability responsiveness the ability to sense and response to environmental changes The nervous system is most involved with responsiveness Example cut your hand on broken glass a withdrawal reflex occurs you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus broken glass Adaptability the capacity to manage the environment chronic acute PET3322 Exam 1 Pick the date Example when you go inside outside body gets bigger and smaller Homeostasis the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment balance equilibrium intake expenditure chemical thermal and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis Affrent approaching the control center Efferent existing control center Homeostatic control mechanisms the variable produces a change in the body 1 Stimulus produces change in variable 2 Change detected by receptor sensor 3 4 Output information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence of magnitude and stimulus and returns Input information sent along afferent pathway to center of control variable to homeostasis 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms Receptor monitors the environments and responds to changes stimuli Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus 2 control mechanisms positive negative feedback Negative feedback returns to ideal value the output shuts off the original stimulus reduces the effect of the stimulus most of the time you have this type of feedback arrows go opposite ways All negative feedback systems mechanisms have the same goal to prevent sudden severe change within the body Examples regulation of blood glucose levels regulation of blood pressure levels the rate and depth of breathing regulation of body temperature if you are cool you want to produce heat KNOW Integrator effector variable and sensor Example Integrator brain Effector muscles Variable body temp Sensor nerve receptors Positive Feedback the output is enhanced enhances the effect of stimulus response is accelerated the variable deviates further and further from original value or range these PET3322 Exam 1 Pick the date mechanisms typically control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments They set off a series of events that may be self perpetuating and that once initiated have an amplifying or waterfall of effects Arrows go the same way both up or both down Examples blood clots oxytocin for pregnant women enhancing contractions and intensity Chapter 3 Cells the living units Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Intersticial spaces between cells Example when someone gets punched When you put protein in intersticial fluid the result is swelling Body fluids 2 3 intracellular fluid ICF 1 3 extracellular fluid ECF 3 4 intersticial plasma Most of the command centers register plasma values for regulation Plasma is the only fluid that can be monitored Concentration relationships of fluids in body Na concentration is higher outside of the cell K concentration is higher inside of the cell Ca2 concentration is higher outside of the cell Cl concentration is higher outside of the cell HCO3 concentration is higher outside of the cell Protein concentration is higher inside of the cell Hydrophobic doesn t like H2O Hydrophillic likes H2O 2 types of membrane proteins Integral inserted Peripheral PET3322 Exam 1 Pick the date Functions of membrane proteins transport enzymatic activity receptors for signal transduction Example muscle and fat cells have receptors for insulin Enzymes catalyze the reactions Diffusion molecules diffuse from high concentrations to low concentrations The thicker membrane the more time it will take for the molecules to cross the membrane If concentration is higher on one side all of the molecules will rush to the lower concentration If surface area is increased the rate of diffusion is also increased there are more chances to get in the cell Example when running capillaries are opening increasing the surface area Passive Membrane Transport Net diffusion stops when concentration on both sides is equal if crossing a membrane or when there is a uniform distribution of particles Equilibruium is reached Molecules continue to move but no net change in concentration hense the phase net diffusion Simple diffusion along down non polar and lipid soluble substances O2 and CO2 diffuses directly through the lipid bilayer Simple diffusion is dependent only on the concentration gradient whereas facilitated transport is limited by the number of protein channels available Facilitated diffusion small ions like K Na and Cl transport of glucose amino acids and ions
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