Chapter 7 Define fluency disorder It is an umbrella term It describes some sort of communication pattern that contains dysrhythmic speech developmental stuttering neurogenic stuttering cluttering language disturbances Define stuttering a disruption of the normal flow of speech such that one hears excessive repetitions of sounds or words inappropriate prolongation of sounds inappropriate hesitations and pauses Cause of stuttering It is unknown When is stuttering present When the speaker expresses concern about the ease with which speech is produced or there is a sense of a loss of control over the ability to move through an utterance Three communication dimensions Efficiency how easily quickly and rhythmically a person can move forward with speech Confidence being able to speak to anyone anytime about anything Assertiveness responding to teasing comments about speech handling interruptions Understand types of normal type disfluencies Whole word repetitions and and Phrase repetitions so I guess so I guess Restarts mazes so last night guess what you ll never guess what I did last night Interjections fillers ya know like um Understand types of stuttered type disfluencies aka core behaviors unintended part of the message Part word sound or syllable repetitions Audible sound prolongations or holding onto a sound out loud Silent blocks or holding onto a sound silently Broken words non syllable breaks Abnormal hesitations pauses that make you look up Whole word and phrase repetitions that exceed 3 repetitions Define and give an example of concomitant behaviors secondary behaviors Anything the speaker does when talking that they DON T have to do to talk Eye blinks loss of eye contact Head movements Limb movements Hand gestures Extraneous sounds sniffs clicking teeth grinding laughing Starter words phrases Incidence of stuttering 5 Prevalence of stuttering 1 Risk Factors for lifelong persistence of stuttering being male having a family history of stuttering age of onset more concerning if it appears after age 3 5 time of onset if someone is stuttering for longer than 3 years they will probably always stutter delayed speech language development kinds of disfluencies heard What should a listener do when talking to someone who stutters Be patient pay attention to the message and not how it s said maintain eye contacts and good nonverbal do NOT finish words sentences apologize if you need to offer them a turn to speak if you re in a group Chapter 8 Pitch perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency measured in hertz Prosody the patterns of stress and intonation in a language Intonation pitch movement within an utterance Loudness speaking at a certain volume Fundamental frequency the lowest frequency component of a complex vibration Monotone voice lacks Frequency Voice disorders in children 3 6 of school age children have a voice disorder Voice disorders in adults 3 9 of adults have a voice disorder Vocal Nodules due to hard collision interfere with vocal fold vibration not painful Contact ulcers reddened ulcerations painful may be secondary to acid reflex Acute laryngitis temporary inflammation of the vocal chords from toxins such as smoking and alcohol Laryngeal papillomas most common in children under 6 may hinder breathing must be surgically removes and are likely to come back Laryngeal webbing present at birth must be surgically removed created high pitch and hoarse voice Conversion aphonie voice disorder associated with psychological or stress conditions Laryngeal carcinoma The most serious organic disorder of the voice linked to cigarette smoking and excessive use of alcohol usually have to remove entire larynx to prevent spreading throughout the entire body Hypo adduction Parkinson s disease monopitch monoloudness harshnedd breathiness Hyper adduction Harshness pitch breaks strained strangled How long are the vocal folds at birth in both males and females 3 mm What are the differences between male and female vocal chords on average An adult female s vocal folds are about 11 15 mm in length while a man s vocal folds are about 17 21 mm in lengh Monotone a voice that lacks frequency variation Hoarseness Roughness voice that lacks clarity Breathiness audible air escaping through the glottis during phonation Diplophonia When the vocal folds vibrate at two distinct pitches Hypernasality Excessive Nasal resonance Hyponasality occurs when there is partial blockage somewhere in nasal cavity Options for speech of patients who have had a Laryngectomy They use a technique called esophageal speech which used the esophagus as a vibratory source Proper vocal hygiene drink a lot of water limit intake of caffeine and alcohol don t smoke avoid yelling avoid dry or smoky environments practice vocal rest don t use unnatural voice avoid excess throat clearing and coughing Chapter 9 Allophones variations of phonemes vowel and consonant Phonotactics rules that specify which speech sound combinations are acceptable in a given language Phonology The theoretical rules which govern the production of speech sounds within a language Articulation rapid and coordinated movement of the tongue teeth lips and palate to produce speech sounds How consonant phonemes are classified manner of production The places of articulation for consonant phonemes Affricates phonemes that begin as stops and are released as fricatives Approximants aka semivowel an oral consonant that is produced with less constriction than the obstruent includes glides and liquids Glides occur when the articulatory posture changes gradually from consonant to vowel Diphthong Two values spoken in close proximity Liquids refers to the oral resonant consonants r and l Articulation impairments Disorders of production Substitutions Omissions Distortions Additions Chapter 10 Childhood Apraxia of Speech A neurological speech sound disorder that affects the ability to plan and program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production Causes of Neurogenic disorders Anoxia stroke Traumatic Brain Injury brain tumors infections toxins diseases Cerebral palsy Nonprogressive neurological difficulty brain injury early in fetal or infant development affects movement communication development locomotion learning and sensation over 500 000 individuals in the US have it Different types of cerebral palsy Spastic hypertonia movement is jerky labored slow infantile reflex patterns Athetoid Dyskinesia slow involuntary writhing infantile reflex patterns Ataxix