SYD4700 Dr Ramirez Fall 2014 Exam 3 Review Guide Chapter 9 The Latino population see Figure 9 2 p 221 8 million or more in Texas and California 1 4 4 million in Florida New York Illinois New York New Jersey and Arizona Pan ethnicity is the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups as reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American Lamest terms the assumption that all Hispanics are of the same culture because they all look alike Example Puerto Ricans who are American citizens are often mistakenly viewed as an immigrant group and lumped together with all Latinos and Hispanics Pan ethnicity p 220 Color gradient p 221 The placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial groupings by skin color Lamest terms comparing people based on the range of their color instead of their colored racial group overall Example the dark skinned vs light skinned comments often made between people on social media who are in fact all African American The area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States Lamest Terms the areas where Mexico and the United States blends sharing cultural The borderlands p 223 activities foods etc Maquiladoras p 223 Foreign owned companies on the Mexican side of the border with the United States Lamest Terms companies in Mexico owned by people in the United States are exempt from paying Mexican taxes and are not required to provide benefits or insurance for workers Extremely low wages Example similar to the sweat shops in China owned by United States citizens The monies that immigrants return to their country of origin Lamest Terms the money made in the United States that is sent it back to Mexico to Remittances p 223 support their families Hometown clubs p 223 Nonprofit organizations that maintain close ties to immigrants hometowns in Mexico and other Latin American countries Lamest Terms organizations that collect money to improve the hospitals and schools of poor Mexican and Latin countries Transnationals p 223 Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement Lamest Terms Clubs or volunteer organizations created for immigrants and by immigrants to keep in touch with people in the community of similar background The Economic Picture p 224 Income is the best way to determine how well a group is doing economically in the United States The median household income of Latinos has gradually increased over the last 25 years with some fluctuations However compared to White non Hispanics the income gap has remained the same Though the incomes of Latinos has increased so has the income of Whites Latino families can expect to earn about 70 cents to the dollar that Whites earn 54 of foreign born Latinos and 17 of native born Latinos send money abroad to help relatives which puts a greater strain on supporting themselves in the US Latinos growing political presence p 226 Over the last 40 years both major political parties have begun to acknowledge that Latinos form a force in the election process Federal law now requires bilingual or even multilingual ballots in voting districts where at least 5 of the voting age population or 10 000 people do not speak English this recognizes the multilingual background of the US population Generally the democrats have been more successful in gaining the Hispanic vote Unlike the black vote major political parties are somewhat more likely to see the Latino vote in play The Hispanic community s rapidly growing population higher proportions of voter registration and higher participations in elections guarantee future efforts by politicians to gain their support Cuban Americans pp 227 9 A significant ethnic Hispanic minority with Cuban settlements in Florida dating back as early as 1831 Generally small settlement communities organized around a single enterprise such as a cigar manufacturing firm Castro s assumption of power after the Cuban Revolution led to sporadic movements to the US By 2010 more than 1 7 million people of Cuban birth or descent live here Immigration pp 227 8 Cuban immigration in the United States has been continuous but there were three significant influxes of large numbers of immigrants through the 1980s 1 The initial exodus of about 200 000 Cubans after Castro s assumption of power lasted 3 years First wave was stopped with the missile crisis of October 1962 when all legal movement between the two nations was halted 2 An agreement between Cuba and the US through a program of freedom flights which brought 340 000 refugees from 1965 1973 on chartered flights from Havana to Miami 3 The 3rd was the 1980 Mariel boatlift in which a few boats from Cuba begin to arrive in Key West FL with mentally ill people seeking shelter when President Carter made a statement welcoming Cubans with open arms open heart Castro used it as an invitation to send prison inmates patients from mental hospitals and drug addicts Marielitos p 228 People who arrived from Cuba in the third wave of Cuban immigration most specifically those forcibly deported by way of Mariel Harbor The term is generally reserved for refugees seen as especially undesirable Lamest terms the word used to describe Cubans who were forced to immigrate to America because they were unwanted in Cuba Dry foot wet foot p 228 Policy toward Cuban immigrants that allows those who managed to reach the United States dry foot to remain but sends those who were picked up at sea wet foot back to Cuba Lamest terms a phrase used to describe a policy that stated anyone who made it into the United States could stay but anyone caught at sea had to leave Dry foot referred to the ones who made it wet foot refers to the ones captured at sea The current picture pp 228 229 Compared to other immigrant groups and Latinos Cubans are doing extremely well College completion rates that are twice other Latinos amongst other factors No ethnic group has had the influence like Cubans have had on Miami in such a short period of time There is no single Cuban American lifestyle prolonged immigration has led to differences between Cuban Americans in terms of ties to Cuba social class and age Cuban Americans have selectively accepted Anglo culture They do not feel they need to forget Spanish while establishing fluency in English like how other immigrant children have shunned their linguistic past Central and South Americans p 230 2 Immigrants are diverse and has not been thoroughly studied