1830 Indian Removal Act: passed by Jackson administration that forced the removal of over 45,000 Indians to the West and led to the establishment of reservation system.“Indian Fighters” (1850s-1860s): supported by the federal government; reimbursed for bullets used to kill Indians in the West; paid over a million dollars in total.Bureau of Indian Affairs (1880s-1890s): forced Indian children to attend off-reservation schools; traditional languages and ceremonies were forbidden; authority of parents and lineages were diminished.Dawes Allotment Act of 1887: broke up the reservation system into family plots; Indians who accepted land were given citizenship; surplus land was given to European homesteaders; reinforced European notions of family and gender roles.Annexation of Texas in 1845: after declaring their independence from Mexico, the US annexed Texas.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848: Treaty between Mexico and the US; Us conquest of Mexican territory in California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona.Mexican Repatriation 1929-1939: 500,000 people of Mexican descent forced or pressured to leave the US by authorities without due process even though a majority of them were US citizens.“Operation Wetback”: government operation in California, Arizona and Texas to deport undocumented Mexicans; over 130,000 were actively deported and 1 million were thought to have left the US; there was much evidence of abuse and the deportation of US citizens.Bracero Programs: series of laws and diplomatic agreements between the US and Mexico for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the US.Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: was effective in 1943; the US did not accept Chinese laborers or families; the naturalization of Chinese immigrants was illegal.Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan (1907): effective until 1924; limited the number of Japanese immigrants.Basis of stratificationLegal Rights of Minority GroupsSYD 4700Dr. TillmanSYD 4700: Second Exam Study GuideThe following are topics from the readings and class lectures that may be covered on the exam. You should be able to find information on all of these topics by going over your class notes and your an-swers to the reading questions that were posted on BlackBoard.Be able to define and/or discuss the following terms: Conflict Perspective: basic premise - society is made up of groups with conflicting self-interests, society usually takes on the form that best serves the interests of the dominant group, not every-one; assumptions (of how the world works) - conflict is built into society, one group usually be-comes dominant, consensus is artificial and temporary; assumptions (value-judgments about howthe world should work) - exploitation and domination are undesirable, conflict and societal change are desirable because they can bring about greater equality.Order (Functionalist) Perspective: basic premise - social arrangements exist as they do because they perform some function for society; assumptions (of how the world works) - society is made of interdependent parts, all elements of society perform some function, societies tend toward sta-bility and consensus; assumptions (value-judgments about how the world should work) - consen-sus and stability are desirable, conflict and societal change are dangerous and should be avoided or minimized.Social Distance: a preference to avoid certain kinds of contact with minority groups; the closer the supposed contact, the greater tendency to maintain social distance or avoid contact.Ethnic Stratification: a pattern under which social inequality falls along the lines of race or eth-nicity; one or more ethnic groups enjoy an advantage over another group with respect to wealth, power, prestige, and other scarce resources.Ethnocentrism: a tendency to view one’s group as the norm or standard and to view out-groups as not just different, but also strange and usually inferior; the ways on the in-group are seen as natural or the only way of doing things and become a standard against which out-groups are judged.“One-Drop Rule”: a rule that mainly applies to peoples of mixed black and white ancestry to maintain the system of discrimination and discourage whites from marrying or having children with blacks or other minorities; anyone with a drop of negro blood was considered black.Racial Etiquette: a set of interpretative codes and racial meanings which operate in the interac-tions of daily life.Oppositional Identity: group identity that defines themselves in opposition of another race. (“I’m black and proud and do not want to be white”); Rejection of the dominant group’s values and cultural traits that allows them to maintain a positive self-identity in the face that treatment and the attacks on their culture. Develops because colonized minorities are treated harshly which pro-duces an oppositional identity.Impacts colonized minorities and how they’re treated because they’re rejected which keeps them at a lower status and limiting their opportunities.SYD 4700Dr. TillmanNaturalization Act of 1790: made naturalization(citizenships for immigrants/slaves/indentured servants) of non-whites illegal but was repealed in 1802; In 1898, all people born in the US were given citizenship (Native Americans not consistently until 1924).Emancipation Proclamation 1862: issued during the Civil War under President Lincoln that pro-claimed the freedom of slaves in states that were still in rebellion.13th Amendment (1865): abolishes slavery.14th Amendment (1865): guarantees equal protection to all citizens.15th Amendment (1865): bans denial of right to vote based on race, religion or creed.Plessy v. Ferguson 1896: Supreme Court’s ruling of “separate but equal”; allowed for pro-liferation of Jim Crow Laws; overturned by Brown vs. Board in 1954.Civil Rights Act of 1865 (overturned in 1875): prohibited discrimination on basis of race, creed or color in all public accommodations (nullified the Black Codes).1830 Indian Removal Act: passed by Jackson administration that forced the removal of over 45,000 Indians to the West and led to the establishment of reservation system.“Indian Fighters” (1850s-1860s): supported by the federal government; reimbursed for bullets used to kill Indians in the West; paid over a million dollars in total.Bureau of Indian Affairs (1880s-1890s): forced Indian children to attend off-reservation schools; traditional languages and ceremonies were forbidden;