SYD 4700: Race and Minority Group Relations Exam #3 Study Guide*Race- A group of people generally considered to be physically distinct in some way, such as skin color, hair texture, or facial features, from other groups and are generally considered by themselves or others as a distinct group. *Ethnicity- Belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. (nationality/culture/ancestry/belief/language)*Institutional Discrimination-Any arrangement or practice within a social institution or its related organizations that tends to favor one racial or ethnic group (usually majority group) over another. It may be conscious and deliberate, as in discriminatory voting laws, or subtle and perhaps unintended,as in industrial location decisions that favor suburban whites over inner-city Blacks.*Conflict Perspective- - A sociological perspective that sees society as dominated by a powerful elite, which controls most of the wealth and power, to the disadvantage of the other less powerful members of society. Because of this inequality, society tends toward conflict and change, although the power or prestige of the dominant group may for a time lead to a consensus or to the appearance thereof. However, this consensus is temporary: The long-term tendency is toward conflict and change.*Functionalist/Order Perspective - A sociological perspective stressing the notions that society is made up of interrelated parts that contribute to the effectiveness of society and that society tends toward consensus, order, and stability. These tendencies are seen as necessary if society is to be effective and efficient. According to this perspective, the absence of these conditions can pose seriousto the quality of life in the society and even to the society’s ability to continue to function. *Social Distance - A preference to avoid certain kinds of contact with minority groups. In general, the closer the supposed contact (living next door vs. shopping in the same store) the greater tendency to maintain social distance and avoid contact. May also refer to maintaining distance thru rituals such asthe expectation that minority group members say “sir” or “mam” or avoid use of first names when addressing majority group members.*Ethnocentrism - a tendency to view one’s own group as the norm or standard and view out groups as not just different, but also strange and usually inferior. The ways of the in-group are seen as the natural or the only way of doing things and becomes a standard against which out-groups are judged.*Ethnic Stratification - (Ethnic inequality) – A pattern under which social inequality falls along the lines of race or ethnicity. In other words, one or more racial or ethnic groups enjoy san advantage over another group with respect to wealth, power, prestige, and other scarce resources.*Gary Becker’s Theory of Discrimination-Society has a “personal taste for discrimination” If White employers, employees, or potential customers hold this prejudice attitude, minority group members are usually not hired for certain jobs.*Split-Labor Market Theory,– A situation in which laborers re divided into two groups, one higher paid (often majority) and one lower paid (often minority) The higher paid group attempts to maintain an advantage status by excluding the lower-paid group from certain kinds of employment. *Marxist Theory - A theory based on the ideas of Karl Marx that claim discrimination hurts working-class Whites as well as minority group members, by creating racial divisions within the working class. (instead of them working to fight for power and rights controlled by boss (employers) managers…*Wealth, - The total value of all economic assets that people own minus their debt. Differences in wealth, including differences in average wealth between racial and ethnic groups, tend to be considerably larger than differences in income.*Poverty- The state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support. This is a condition of being poor that is defined by the fixed poverty level.*Index of Dissimilarity – A measure of the amount of housing segregation between any two groups such as Blacks and Whites. It indicates the % of either group that would have to move to attain complete integration. (the same mix of the two groups in every block or neighborhood) It can range from zero (fully integrated) to 100 (totally segregated)…It is also sometimes called the “segregation index” *Restrictive Covenants– a provision attached to a deed or sales contract in which the buyer must agree not to sell or rent to a member of a specified group, such as Blacks, Chicanos, or Jews. This was one of the major ways state governments took action toward the promotion of housing discrimination. State enforcement was the crucial link that made restrictive covenant an effective force of spatial segregation. These provisions were legal until 1948. *Redlining– Refusal to make loans or issue insurance in certain neighborhoods based on the racial composition or average income in the neighborhood, regardless of the characteristics of the individual homeowner. May also refer more broadly to lending or insurance discrimination against residents of urban neighborhoods based on the racial or ethnic composition of the neighborhoods. *Racial Steering, - a practice whereby real-estate agents show white customers houses in all-white areas and show black customers houses in all-black or racially mixed areas.*Blockbusting -A practice by real-estate agents or speculators that attempts to scare whites into selling their houses at low prices because Blacks are supposedly moving into their neighborhood. The speculator purchases the house and then sells it to a black family, often at an inflated price. This practice both exploits both Black and white homeowners and encourages racial segregation and rapid racial turnover in urban neighborhoods.*“White flight”- This was a way of suburban marketing to Whites. During industrialization, people with more resources and opportunity move into the city, but when the cities become overcrowded (mixed with integration) the intra-structure begins to build and the White people move back out.*1968 Fair Housing Act,- Outlawed racial discrimination when selling homes. (Never completely ended but made it illegal)*Cultural Bias- The educational system demands conformity to an arbitrary norm and punishes thosewho do not or cannot conform, or