SYD 3020 Final Exam Review Chapters 8 9 I Early Marriage a Norms are the greatest causes of adolescent fertility b Consequences there are significant health threats of associated with teen fertility for both mother and child i The US always had the highest teen pregnancy rates in the developed world However teen births have recently reached historic lows Family Planning Movement a LDR countries are the highest with proportion of government that II consider the birthrate high and that support family planning programs b Family planning is voluntary and a wider choice of contraceptives c Criticisms d Movement over the 20th century III Current Fertility Trends in the US a Menarche when a woman begins to ovulate and have periods b Menopause when a woman stops being able to get pregnant and no longer ovulates It is important to distinguish between c The biological ability for a woman to become pregnant Factors related to whether a biologically capable woman actually has a child social factors IV The Proximate determinants of Fertility a operate through biological and social determinants biological education leads to higher fertility 1 healthier women are more likely to get pregnant social increased education lessens fertility 1 more educated women will use contraception The net effect of education is that it lowers fertility V Preconditions for a Substantial Fertility Decline ready willing able a Acceptance of calculated choice as a valid element in marital fertility ideational changes the enlightenment secularization b Perception of advantages from reduced fertility motivation for limiting fertility c Knowledge and mastery of effective techniques of birth control controlling reproduction II Fecundity a A fecund person can is capable to produce children an infecund sterile person cannot i Subfecundity when a woman has trouble getting pregnant and carrying to term being less than normally fertile though still capable of effecting fertilization b Fertility is the actual having of children fecund fertile i ii i ii iii III Lowest Low Fertility a Total Fertility Rate TFR of 1 3 or less b Many countries have reached this point including Southern Europe c Some regions of Europe were able to go from lowest low fertility back Japan to just low fertility IV Replacement Level Fertility a Replacement level fertility is the total fertility rate the average number of children born per woman at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next without migration b Replacement rates are always above 2 0 c Generally taken to be 2 1 for MDR and 2 3 for LDR d Its not only MDR countries with below replacement fertility e There are 15 countries mostly in Southern and Eastern Europe that have fertility rates below 1 3 V Marriage a Unmarried or non married combines never married divorced and widowed widowed b Ever married includes the currently married divorced and c Formally Married those divorced or widowed d Marital Dissolution the processes of spouse mortality and divorce e Marital Statuses never married single currently married married divorced widowed i Measured by censuses and surveys f Marital Events mark the transition from one status to the other First marriage divorce spouse death remarriage i ii Measured by civil registration systems VI Marriage Trends In LDRs a Africa i without marriage occurs to some degree in Cohabitation most sub Saharan African countries Polygyny man with multiple wives is common in some areas however less common among urban higher educated people Considerable variations in marriage across Africa Stable childbearing relationships do not involve marriage or cohabitation Consanguineous Marriage marriage between blood relation most common first cousins Regions of Asia vary in timing of first marriage for women South Central marries very early East Asia Japan China Korea Taiwan are similar to Europe SE and W Asia vary between the two above ii iii iv ii iii iv v b Asia i c Latin America i Marriage and consensual unions cohabitation are popular ii iii If cohabitation was ignored Latin America is considered relatively late marrying among the LDRs Almost 90 of women 15 19 in Peru were unmarried 1 Fertility rates of this group are high and suggest cohabitating unions are present iv Cohabitation ranges from low to high among countries d In a few LDRs cohabitation is becoming more prevalent than in MDRs i Bolivia Brazil Columbia Paraguay Peru e Types of Unions Cohabitating Polygynous Monogamous VII Common Features Across Cultures and Countries a Most women in all countries still form stable marital sexual unions b There are worldwide similarities in the general form of the cumulative marriage distribution c Where marriage behaviors have begun to undergo change recent trends are generally in the direction of rising age of marriage and declining universality of marriage VIII The Demographic Transition a Promotes a diversity of Family People are living longer less likely to feel pressure to marry early Decline in fertility and mortality women don t need to begin childbearing at such a young age Increasing urban population is presented with many acceptable lifestyle options beside marriage and family bearing cohabitation IX The Second Demographic Transition a An explanation for below replacement fertility characterized by Increase in non marital births Increase in age at first birth Increase in permanent childlessness Increase in cohabitation Decrease in postponement of marriage X Family Demography concerned largely with the study and analysis of family households a Their formation change over time and dissolution XI An Incomplete Institution First Marriage and then a Remarriage a First Marriages culture provides us with a set of social roles b Remarriage considerable confusion exists about the norms that guide stepfamilies How they cope i ii Create their own rules shared meanings Stepfamilies must learn to operate within an incomplete institution in our society XII Trends of Median Age of First Marriage in US a 1890 26 1 for males 22 for females b 1956 22 5 for males 20 1 for females c Since 1956 the age at first marriage has steadily gone up i ii iii i ii iii iv v d Median Age at First Marriage has increased for both men and women since the 1950s e The age gap between husbands and wives has steadily decrease i ii In 1890 Husbands were on avg were more than 4 yrs older By 2000 they were only 1 7 years older XIII US Trends Continued iii a Cohabitation in the US