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Exam 2 Study Guide:General differences in life expectancies in MDR versus LDR countries *Page 126-129- In MDR countries, civil registration is the dominant system for counting deaths- During the rapid MDR mortality transition-taking a little more than a century-life expectancy at birth grew by more than 50%. Such a demographic event was unprecedented in world history- LDR countries have even less complete death registration- Over the past 60 years, LDR countries have lengthened life expectancy by almost 24 years, to levels approaching those of the MDRs in 1950. - LDR mortality declines are more likely to vary directly with the level of economic development across, and within, countries. - Main difference between LDR and MDR is still over 10 years life expectancy; but back in 1950 this difference was even greater-over 25 years of life- In the past half-century, LE has risen by almost 25 years for LDRs as a whole- Still vary much more with respect to mortality than MDRS (The difference between sub-Saharan Africa and Central America in LE is over 25 years)- Africans have the lowest LE- Countries with the highest mortality rates are not catching up with others- LDRs have had later mortality transitions, yet have gained some ground in catching up with MDR countries- The difference in LE between LDR and MDR countries is still over 10 years, but it used to be 25 years in 1950- The LDRs are even more different from one another than the MDRs during their transitions- High mortality LDR countries vs. Low mortality LDR countriesSub-Saharan Africa and HIV/AIDS epidemic *Page 129, 147- 70% of the world’s HIV/AIDS cases are located in Africa, contraction rates are growing rapidly in many other parts of the world, predominantly central Asia and Eastern Europe- Most measures of regional mortality now distinguish between high mortality LDRs, such as sub-Saharan Africa, and low mortality LDRs, such as East Asia. - New mortality threats such as HIV/AIDS have heavily impacted some less-developed countries and will mean significant delay in LDR mortality declinesTrends in life expectancy (race/gender etc)- Can be made at any age- Predominating opinion is that reaching an average of LE past age 85 or so is beyond the limits of our biological capacity- Others speculate that there is no finite limit to human longevity - Age and sex patterns do vary from one disease to the next- “Women get sicker, men die quicker”Definitions of life span, longevity, and life expectancy- Longevity-is the age at which one dies; the length of an individual life- Life expectancy-is a hypothetical figure; the average (mean) number of years yet to be lived by people attaining a given age, according to a given life table. If the age is unspecified, it is assumed zero, in which case life expectancy means life expectancy at birth- Life span- the maximum amount of time a person can live, for example humans is approximately 122 yearsLife tables *Page 123-124, 154 what goes into a life table, age specific death rate, proportion dying etc.*- Demographers use life tables for tracing such imaginary mortality histories- There are some important features in life tables and life expectancy figures that result from them1. Everything in the table is generated from the schedule of age-specific death rates2. The mortality assumptions employed in constructing any given life table are hypothetical-and probably unrealistic3. Life expectancy statements can be made for any ageEpidemiologic transition- Mortality Transition (Epidemiological transition) - changes in MDR mortality and life expectancy during the MDR era. Can divide into 3 segments:1. a pretransitional segment of high mortality (before 1850)2. a transitional segment characterized by a decline in epidemic and infectious diseases (1850-1950)3. late-transition segment characterized by degenerative and human-made diseases (1950-presentYears of life lost- We can estimate how many more years people might have lived if they had not died froma particular illness or cause- This gives us the average personal cost in lost years-lived for those who died from the causeEarly epidemiologic studies that were important to health changes- HIV/AIDS- Tobacco-related mortality-smoking is the single largest preventable cause of mortality worldwide and is overall the second major killer in the world. In MDRs, smoking began first with men and then 30 years later, became popular with woman. Popular in France with woman. Smoking has declined in the US, UK, Australia, and Canada, but continues to dominate Europe, especially Eastern Europe. In LDRs, the percentage of deaths causedby tobacco is quickly rising. By 2020, it is expected to surpass deaths by HIV/AIDs- Obesity-related mortality-Both LCDs and MDRs surfer from unhealthy diets. Poor diets in LDCs primarily manifest themselves in the form of undernourishment and obesity has become a growing concern throughout the developed world. By average, overa billion people living in MDCs are overweight today, and the average number of annualdeaths is about a half million just in North America and Western Europe alone. Obesity isrising in countries such as Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. In the United State it is now estimated that obesity will cut the life expectancy at birth by as much as 5 years. Difference between morbidity and mortality and their relationship- Epidemiology -a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases in a population- While related, morbidity and mortality can follow different paths and aren’t always clearly intertwined- Sources of data: historical records including physician records, skeletal remains, and public health records- Historical Morbidity Issues: Malnutrition-posed a major threat to the health of pretransition and transitional populations.Major causes of death *Page 149- proximate -Immediate causes of death, those that finally brought about the event- nonproximate (distal )-causes of death are less immediate causes that contribute to the death only in the sense that they increased the likelihood of experiencing one of the proximate causes- Thought of as biological versus culturalFecundity-the Biological Component- A fecund person can produce children; an infecund (sterile) person cannot- Couples who have tried unsuccessfully for at least 12 month to conceive a child are usually called “infertile” by physicians- The 2002 National


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FSU SYD 3020 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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