Week 1- Demography BeginsGiovanni Botero. [1588] 1985. The cause of the greatness of cities.• What does Botero mean by "virtue nutritive" and "virtue generative"? Are these part of hu-man nature or products of culture?←- Virtue nutritive is a product of culture, where it is the measure of food and stability of a population. ←- Virtue generative: population growth, human nature.• What limits the size of a city-state--the "virtue nutritive" or the "virtue generative"? How does Botero see the effects of each? ***← - Virtue Nutritive and virtue generative limit the size of each city state. ← - Virtue Nutritive is the social organization of a city-state and the ability to pro-vide food for the population← - Affects virtue generative, which means the human nature of a given population. Without resources and social organization, the population is unable to increase. ←• Does Botero think that growth of a city's population is a good or bad thing? What deter-mines how long such growth can continue?← - Botero believes the greatness of a city depends on its virtue nutritive or generative.For example, if a population never married or had children it then forsake its coun-try. Benjamin Franklin. [1755] 1985. Observations concerning the increase of mankind and the peo-pling of countries.• What argument does Franklin use to suggest that England should allow industry and facto-ries in the American colonies?← - Europe is filled with manufacturers and laborers who cannot grow as a population.← -America (Native Americans) have hunters who are able to provide land and food for its people.← - Since America is so big, it would need laborers to progress and thus making labor cheap. This indicates a demand for British laborers and benefit Great Britain.• How, according to Franklin, does owning slaves affect the number of children that slave-owners bear? Why does this happen? ***- Because of slaves, less labor is needed which means less children. - Slave laborer is financially responsible for slaves: food, clothing, etc.- Children of slave-owners are disgusted at the thought of manual labor, making it hard for them to earn a living in industry later on.• Explain how Franklin views the economic costs of slavery (compared to paid labor), and also what he has to say about its social costs.- Cost of slave is more expensive than a workingman due to living costs: food, clothing, health, etc. However, slaves rare purchased because they can never leave their masters. Week 2- The Gloomy ParsonR. Malthus. An Essay on the Principle of Population.• How fast does Malthus say that food and population each can increase, and what does this have to do with theories of the perfectablity of mankind? (chapter 1) ***- Population increase can be measured by a geometric ratio and food increase is mea-sured by arithmetic ratio.- Population increases at a higher rate/faster than food. - Food is needed for the perfectability of mankind. - Food is growing at a slower rate • What features of social organization among natives of North America does Malthus bring out as likely reasons for slow increase and low size of population on this fertile conti-nent? (chapter 3)← - Even though North America’s land is fertile, the slow increase of the population is due to the savagery, war-like social behavior. However, when North Americans gath-ered their food from more agricultural sources and settled with Europeans, the women reared more children. ←• Explain the distinction between "positive" versus "preventive" checks to population. Why does the relative importance of each type of check vary, depending on the level of ad-vancement of civilizations? (chapter 4) ***←- Preventive checks are: delayed marriage, celibacy, contraceptions. This is in all class of societies, preventing a man to get married.←-Positive checks: crime, war, famine. Also, lower class people that cannot pro-vide food for their family.←- The lower class, preventive checks do not affect the man after marriage. ←• By transferring money to the poorest people, what effect did Malthus suggest the Poor Laws had on the balance of population and resources, and therefore on human happiness?(chapter 5)← - The first effect initiated by the poor laws is the fact that there is an increase in resources (food). This makes it difficult for a man to provide for his family. The other ef-fect is that once you provide shares for some, then the shares of others decrease. The dis-tribution of money makes the condition of the workhouse worse by rising the price of provisions. A man unable to provide for his family, while living and working in a de-pressing class will be unhappy.← • To what details of social organization does Malthus attribute the superior rate of population growth in English colonies, compared to colonies of other countries in the New World? (chapter 6)← - There is a superior rate of population growth in the colonies because of the re-moval of vice and misery. Vice and misery is characterized by the want of food and room, vice is seen through recoveries of war or acts of nature. ←• If "population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase," how could"variations in the proportion between the number of inhabitants and the quantity of foodconsumed, arising from the different habits of living that prevail in each state" ever arise in the first place? How is the progress of civilization possible, in the face of the power of population? (chapter 7)← - Increase of population limited by means of subsistence ← - Famine is the most dreadful source of nature← - Power of population is superior to produce subsistence that premature death must reach the human race. ←• What consequences might contemporary research into genetic engineering have for the con-clusions Malthus draws concerning the mutability of plants, animals and man? (chapter9)← - Men are inevitable to become ilimited, people are advancing by getting married later, etc.← - Improvement among plants and animals, though not sure for human← -Human could breed like animals do, not increase in size b/c fall from weight.← - The average duration of human life will vary.←• Review the thought experiment by which Malthus tries to show that his principle of popula-tion, and not Godwin's vicious social institutions, are the root cause of misery and vice. (chapter 10) ***← - Social institutions are the cause of misery and vice and