Bio Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Organic living carbon versatile bc carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell can hold 8 so it can make 4 bonds so it can make complex shapes like helix Inorganic w o carbon Functional groups stuck on carbon backbone How are organic molecules synthesized made o Thru dehydration synthesis aka condensation rxn small monomers H H O join to make polymers H2O which makes water o Opposite of this is hydrolysis which breaks water apart 4 categories of biological molecules o Carbohydrates o Lipids fats o Proteins o Nucleotides nucleic acids 1 Carbohydrate o C H O 1 2 1 o Consists of 1 sugar monosaccharide o Glucose most common in living organisms sugar dissolving in water o Fructose fruit corn sugar honey o Galactose milk sugar found in lactose o Ribose found in RNA o Deoxyribose found in DNA o 2 sugars disaccharide o Sucrose table sugar glucose fructose o Lactose milk sugar glucose Galactose o Maltose malt sugar glucose glucose o many sugars polysaccharide o Considered structural material o Glycogen energy storage found in animals o Starch energy storage found in plant s roots seeds digestible for animals o Cellulose energy storage found in plant s cell wall indigestible for animals o Chitin outer energy storage in fungi s cell wall coverings of insects crabs and 2 Lipids spiders o Mostly H C o Chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons o Hydrophobic o Water insoluble o Waterproof coverings for plant and animal bodies o Makes up cell membrane a Oils fats waxes o 1 or more fatty acid oils o Triglyceride 3 fatty acids glycerol oils o Saturated solid at room temp fats o Unsaturated liquid at room temp fats o Saturated and solid and solid at room temp waxes o Waterproof coatings waxes o Used for honeycomb structures waxes o Form plasma membranes around cells o Hydrophobic and hydrophilic o Hydrophobic nonpolar fatty form tails insoluble o Hydrophilic polar functional group form head soluble b Phospholipids c Steroids rings o 4 carbon rings fused together w functional groups protruding from the carbon o Cholesterol found in membrane of cells o Male female sex hormones 3 Proteins o Formed by chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds o Lots of functions o Enzymes proteins that promote chemical reactions o There are 20 types of amino acids o Amino acids contain amino carboxyl and R group R group distinguishes the amino acid from other 19 groups o Amino acids are joined to form chains by dehydration synthesis reacts with carboxyl makes covalent bond aka peptide o Dipeptide chain of 2 amino acids o Polypeptide aka protein long chains of amino acids o Up to 4 levels of protein structure 4 Nucleotides o Primary 1 liner structure of amino acids lowest level of organization o Secondary 2 helix or pleated sheet aka twisting structure o Tertiary 3 folding of proteins o Quaternary 4 multiple protein chains are linked highest level of organization o Denture disruption of proteins in secondary tertiary and quaternary loss of function too much little heat pH salt can cause this o Energy carries and intracellular messengers o Monomers of nucleic acid chains o Made up of phosphate group five carbon sugar nitrogen containing base o Adenosine triphosphate ATP 3 phosphates instead of 1 o DNA found in chromosomes carries genetic info for protein structure double stranded short lived thiamine guanine adenine cytosine o RNA copies DNA used directly in the synthesis of proteins single stranded long lived uracil guanine adenine cytosine o Deoxyribonucleic acid Each DNA molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides that form a double helix linked by hydrogen bonds H bonds between 3 strands are relatively weak but peptide bonds along 1 strand are strong this allows for DNA replication process
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