Levels of biological organization DIAGRAM biggest to smallest going down o Biosphere o Ecosystem o Community o Species o Population o Multicellular organism o Organ system o Organ o Tissue o Cell o Molecule o Atom Cell smallest unit of life o DIAGRAM NUCLEUS IS PURPLE PART CELL WALL IS FARTHER PART OUT PLASMA MEMBRANE IS SECOND FURTEST PART OUT ORGANELLES ARE GREEN AND BLUE PART Scientific method 1 observation 2 question 3 hypothesis 4 prediction 5 experiments 6 conclusion o Experiment must rule out the influence of other possible variables controls are incorporated in controls keep untested constant o Limitations Can never be sure all untested variables are controlled Conclusions based on experimental data must remain tentative Results of experimentation must be communicated thoroughly and accurately to other scientists for repetition Repetition by other scientists adds verification that findings can be used as the basis for further studies FRANCESCO REDI S EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM 6 STEPS OF SCIENTFIC METHOD o Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation Fleming s Discovery of Penicillin DIAGRAM o PETRI DISH BACK GROUND DARK BLUE PART o BACTERIA ZIG ZAG LIGHTER BLUE TAKES UP MOST OF IT o SUBSTANCE THE MOLD DIFFUSES OUT RIGHT OUTSIDE WHITE MOLD o COLONY OF MOLD PENCILLIUM WHITE SPOT Inductive reasoning generalization from many observations o LEFT YELLOW SIDE STARTING WITH OBSERVATION GENERALIZATION PARADIGM ON DIAGRAM Deductive reasoning generating hypotheses based on well supported generalization such as a theory o RIGHT NEON BLUE SIDE STARTING WITH THEORY PREDICTIONS EXPERIMENT Evolution o Charles Darwin Alfred Wallace basis of our modern understanding of evolution o Arises as a consequence of three natural process Genetic variation among members of a population Inheritance of those variations by offspring of parents carrying the variation Natural selection process where organisms with certain adaptations survive and reproduce more successfully than others Preserves genes that help organisms flourish Adaptations structures physiological process or behaviors that aid in survival and reproduction could be good for one environment may be poor in another Species that can t adapt go extinct Humans are responsible for accelerating the rate of environmental change o DNA contains segments called genes parents DNA is passed to offspring in accurate copying process DIAGRAM IS BLUE GREEN AND RED DOUBLE HELIX WITH BLACK BACKGROUND Mutation errors in copy produce variety Mutation is essential for living things to evolve Arise from UV radiation or copying mistakes in DNA Effects o No effect harmless o A decrease in organism s ability to function o Death of the organism o An increase in an organism s ability to survive and reproduce rare Life the quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body life is difficult to define certain characteristics define what is technically alive o Characteristics define LIFE Structure is complex Acquire materials and energy from the environment Maintain internal conditions Growth Respond to stimuli Reproduce Capacity to evolve o Complex and organized Salt organized but simple non living ON DIAGRAM WITH BE THE LITTLE BLUE BOXES Oceans complex but unorganized non living ON DIAGRAM WILL BE A WAVE IN OCEAN Water flea complex and organized living ON DIAGRAM WILL BE A LITTLE BUG o Materials and energy are required to maintain organization grow and reproduce Nutrients acquired from air water soil or other living things Metabolism sum total of all the chemical reactions needed to sustain life Organisms obtain energy in two ways Autotrophs make own food self feeders o Photosynthetic organisms that capture sunlight store it in sugar fats o Includes plants some bacteria and some protists Heterotrophs eat others o Organisms that acquire energy through ingesting molecules in the bodies of other organisms o Includes many Achaeans bacteria protists fungi and animals o Size of food eaten varies All energy comes directly or indirectly from the sun DIAGRAM IS OF SUN TREE ZEBRA AND LION o Homeostasis maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions Body temperature pH of blood water concentration Automatic mechanisms maintain this Sweating in hot weather or during exercise Metabolizing more food Basking in the sun to raise body temp Organisms still grow change while maintaining this Organisms grow by producing more cells Bacteria grow by enlarging cells and divide them to make more individuals o Response to stimuli Sensory organs detect respond to external stimuli Light sound chemicals Plants bacteria respond to stimuli as well Light attraction towards nutrients Categorizing Life 3 Domains ON DIAGRAM BACTERIA IS FAR LEFT BLUE BRANCH ARCHAEA IS PURPLE MIDDLE BRANCE EUKARYA IS FAR RIGHT RED BRANCH o Bacteria single simple cells Unicellular Some autotrophs some heterotrophs DIAGRAM BLUE AND PINK ORGANIZED o Archaea single simple cells extremes Unicellular Heterotrophs DIAGRAM YELLOW ORANGE AND GREEN LOOKS o Eukarya one or more highly complex cells Heterotrophs Multicellular DIAGRAM WOULD BE BROWN LOOKING THING SPOTTY Fungi Plantae Autotrophs Multicellular DIAGRAM WOULD BE ORANGE FLOWERS Animalia Protista Heterotrophs Multicellular DIAGRAM WOULD BE FISH Some autotrophs some heterotrophs Unicellular DIAGRAM WOULD BE CELL LOOKING THING WITH LOTS OF PARTS INSIDE OF IT Nucleus membrane enclosed sac containing the cell s genetic material control center pores o Eukaryotic nucleus has three major parts Nuclear envelope double membrane perforated by nuclear Protein lined nuclear pores allow water ions small molecules to pass freely Nuclear pore complex ON DIAGRAM FARTHEST OUTSIDE PART PURPLE DIAGRAM PURPLE DOTTED LINE OUTLINING OPENING OF CELL Nuclear pores PINK PORES ON DIAGRAM Long strands Contain genes that provide a blueprint for a huge variety of proteins WHITE PART OUTSIDE OF NUCLELOUS PURPLE DIAGRAM BLUE GREY SQUIGLY STUFF RED TOGETHER PART CHROMOSOME IS RED Chromatin DNA proteins PULLED APART ON DIAGRAM Nucleolus site of ribosome synthesis Ribosomes ON DIAGRAM PURPLE OUTSIDE PART o mRNA RED LINE ON DIAGRAM o Ribosome ORANGE BUBBLE o Amino acid YELLOW BEADED LINE BIG DARK SPLOTCH PROKARYOTIC before nucleus Lacking organelles or a nucleus Cell type found in bacteria archaea Less than 5 um long Stiff cell wall Several shapes Rod shapes bacilli PINK PILL SHAPED ON DIAGRAM Spiral shaped spirilli ORANGE SQUIGLY LINE ON DIAGRAM Spherical cocci GREEN BEANS ON
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