PowerPoint Presentation4.1 What Is the Cell Theory?4.2 What Are the Basic Attributes of Cells?Slide 4The Plasma MembraneA Generalized Animal CellSlide 7A Generalized Plant CellPlant Cell FeaturesSlide 104.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?Slide 12Slide 13The CytoskeletonSlide 15Cilia and FlagellaHow Cilia and Flagella MoveSlide 18Components of NucleusSlide 20The NucleusChromosomesRibosomesSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26The Golgi ApparatusSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33A MitochondrionSlide 35A ChloroplastSlide 374.4 Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells?Prokaryotic Cells Are Simpler Than Eukaryotic CellsSlide 40Slide 41Chapter 4Cell Structure and Function4.1 What Is the Cell Theory?Three principles comprise the cell theory1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells2. The smallest organisms are single cells3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells4.2 What Are the Basic Attributes of Cells?Cell function limits cell size–Most cells range in size from 1 to 100 micrometers wide–Cells need to exchange nutrients and wastes with the environment–No part of the cell can be too far away from the external environment frog embryomost eukaryotic cellsmitochondrionmost prokaryotic cellsvirusproteinsdiameter of DNAdouble helixchicken eggadult humantallest treesatomsUnits of measurement:1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1,000 m1 micrometer (m) = 1/1,000,000 m1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 mSize100 m10 m1 m10 cm1 cmvisible with unaidedhuman eyevisible with light microscope1 mm100 m10 m1 m100 nm10 nm1 nm0.1 nmvisible with conventional electron microscopevisible with special electron microscopeFig. 4-1Size comparison...CLICK ME!All cells share common features –Plasma membrane encloses the cell and allows interactions with environment –Composed of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate molecules–Regulates the passage of ions and molecules in/out of cells–Cytoplasm consists of all the fluid and structures inside the plasma membrane, but outside of the nucleus –The fluid portion of the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic fluid) contains water, salts, organic molecules–Most metabolic activities occur in the cytoplasmglycoproteincarbo-hydrateextracellular fluid (outside)cytoplasm (inside) cholesterolmembraneproteinchannel proteincytoskeletonA phospholipid bilayerhelps to isolate thecell's contentsProteins help the cellcommunicate withits environmentThe Plasma Membrane Fig. 4-2mitochondrioncytoplasmicfluidflagellumvesicleribosomeson rough ERcentrioleintermediatefilaments(cytoskeleton)Golgiapparatuscytoplasmlysosomeexocytosis ofmaterial fromthe cellpolyribosomenuclear porebasal bodynuclear envelopechromatin (DNA)nucleolusnucleusplasmamembraneroughendoplasmicreticulumfree ribosomesmoothendoplasmicreticulummicro- (cytoskeleton)tubulesmicrofilaments Fig. 4-3A Generalized Animal Cell1234567891011Good quiz question…Fig. 4-4centralvacuolecytoplasmic fluidplastidvesiclelysosome cytoplasmplasmodesmatacell wallplasmamembraneintermediatefilaments(cytoskeleton)free ribosomeribosomesnucleusnucleolusnuclear porechromatinnuclear envelopesmoothendoplasmicreticulumroughendoplasmicreticulumGolgi apparatuschloroplastmitochondrionmicrotubules(cytoskeleton)cell walls of adjoiningplant cellsA Generalized Plant CellPlant Cell FeaturesCell wall (1) Central vacuole (2)Chloroplast (3)•Plasma membrane•Nucleus•Ribosomes•Endoplasmic reticulum•Golgi body•Vesicles•Mitochondria•Cytoskeleton123All cells share common features (continued)–Use DNA as a hereditary blueprint (“instructions”)–Use RNA to copy the blueprint and to guide construction of proteins–All cells obtain raw materials and energy from their environment –The building blocks of biological molecules: C, H, O, N, P, and variety of minerals There are two basic types of cells:–Prokaryotic cells (“before the nucleus”) form the bodies of bacteria and archaea–Eukaryotic cells (“true nucleus”) form the bodies of animals, plants, fungi, and protists4.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells–Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells includes a variety of organelles (nucleus and mitochondria)–Cytoskeleton gives shape and organization to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cellsPlant cells are surrounded by a cell wall –Plant cells also have plastids and a central vacuole, absent in animal cellsSome animal cells possess vesicles, vacuoles, and cilia, absent in plant cellsSome eukaryotic cells are supported by cell walls–The outer surfaces of plants, fungi, and some protists are covered by coatings called cell walls–Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and other polysaccharides–Fungal cell walls are made of polysaccharides– Cell walls are porous –The plasma membrane is located just beneath the cell wallThe cytoskeleton provides shape, support, and movement–Organelles are attached to a network of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton performs the following important functions: –Maintaining and changing cell shape –Providing for cell movement –Providing for organelle movement–Facilitating cell divisionmicrofilamentsintermediatefilamentsmicrotubulesmicrotubules (red)nucleusmicrofilaments (blue)(a) Cytoskeleton(b) Light micrograph showing the cytoskeletonThe Cytoskeleton Fig. 4-5Cilia and flagella move the cell through fluid or move fluid past the cell–Both cilia and flagella are slender extensions of the plasma membrane –Force generated by cilia can be compared to that created by oars on the sides of a rowboat –Force generated by a flagellum can be compared to that created by the engine on a motorboat –Flagella are longer than cilia, and cells usually have only one or two flagella –Ciliated cells line such diverse structures– oviducts and respiratory tracts animals –Most animal sperm rely on flagella for movement0.1 micrometercilium plasma membranebasal bodysection of ciliumcentral pair ofmicrotubulesprotein“arms”ParameciumCilia and Flagella Fig. 4-6How Cilia and Flagella Move Fig. 4-7return strokecilia liningtracheaflagellum ofhuman spermsurface ofhuman eggcell(a) Ciliumcontinuous propulsionplasma membranedirection of locomotionpower stroke(b) Flagellumpropulsion of fluidpropulsion of fluidThe nucleus is the control center of the eukaryotic cell–The nucleus is an organelle that contains
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