Biology 1001 Exam 2 Review This exam will cover chapters 9 13 The exam will 40 questions multiple choice I will provide a Scantron for you Please bring your student ID and a number 2 pencil to take the exam Chapter 9 Review 1 What is DNA 2 What is DNA composed of Hereditary information in cells Nucleotides phosphate sugar and a base Linked by hydrogen bonds 3 What is a chromosome Contains DNA and a protein Passed on during sexual reproduction 4 What are genes offspring Segments of DNA that contain traits passed down to 5 How do the bases in DNA pair i e A T G C 6 What is the cell cycle A T C G Repeating pattern of dividing growing and differentiating then dividing again 7 What happens in each phase of the cell cycle Prophase chromatin condense and nucleolus disappears Metaphase chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase paired chromosome separate and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell Telophase cell splits in two 8 What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis Mitosis happens to all cells Meiosis only occurs in sexual reproduction 9 What is a gamete 10 11 Gamete Homologous chromosomes a haploid sex cell usually a sperm or an egg formed in sexually reproducing organisms What are homologous chromosomes in appearance and genetic information when they pair together in meiosis contain the same gene What is a mutation a change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene often used to refer to a genetic change that is Mutation chromosomes that are similar 12 significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organism Are mutations beneficial or harmful It depends some mutations are beneficial and are responsible for the evolution of organisms some are benign and some are harmful to an organism s genetic makeup Chapter 10 Review 1 What are alleles one of several alternative forms of a particular Allele gene Caused by mutations 2 How can mutations be passed down If a mutation occurs in the cells that become sperm or eggs it can be passed on from parent to offspring 3 What does homozygous and heterozygous mean carrying two copies of same allele of a Homozygous given gene purebred gene hybrid Heterozygous carrying two difference alleles of a given square 4 What experiment did Gregor Mendel perform He cross bred pea plants to see which colors the offspring would be Discovered essential facts about the distribution of 5 How can you determine the sex of the offspring i e the Punnett alleles in sexual reproduction Use the Punnett square to cross reference a certain gene from both the male and the female 6 What is a pedigree in terms of recessive and dominant genes Pedigree a diagram showing genetic relationships among a set of individuals normally with respect to a specific genetic trait 7 What is an X linked trait Also called sex linked Dominant in females because they have two X chromosomes oFemales show the dominant trait unless they are homozygous recessive oMales show whatever allele dominant or recessive is found on their one X chromosome 8 What is nondisjunction Incorrect separation of chromosomes or chromatids Causes gametes to have too many or too few chromosomes 9 What is Turner syndrome Occurs in females with only one X chromosome XO Stops puberty infertility stunted growth Makes women more susceptible to sex linked disorders 10 What is Klinefelter syndrome Occurs in men with an extra X chromosome XXY Infertility mixed secondary sexual characteristics growing partial breasts small testes etc Chapter 11 Review 1 What experiment did Griffith perform Worked with two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae S strain pneumonia R strain no pneumonia Heat killed S strain no pneumonia Heat killed S strain R strain pneumonia and death oSomething in the heat killed S strain affected the benign R strain and made it turn deadly transformation 2 What is Chargaff s rule The amount of A in DNA must equal the amount of T the amount of C must equal the amount of G 3 What is the origin of the structure of DNA DNA is a double helix Franklin and Wilkins discovered the structure of DNA through x ray diffraction oIt is long and thin oIt is helical 4 What did Watson and Crick do Watson and Crick took Franklin and Wilkin s research and built a model of DNA oDiscovered DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides oSugar phosphate backbone 5 Know how to replicate DNA 6 Know how to transcribe DNA Example ATTTCGAG TAAAGCTC Example ATTTCGAG UAAAGCUC Ribonucleic acid carries DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm Chapter 12 Review 1 What is RNA 2 Know the structure of RNA Single stranded Ribose not deoxyribose Thymine in DNA uracil in RNA 3 What are some ways RNA and DNA differ 4 What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions mRNA carries DNA information to the ribosomes tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome rRNA structural makeup of the ribosomes 5 What are codons Codon a sequence of 3 bases of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein 6 What RNA reads codons 7 What are stop and start codons mRNA Start Stop AUG UAG UAA UGA 8 What are the 5 different types of mutations Inversions Translocations Deletions Insertions Substitutions Chapter 13 Review 1 What is biotechnology Biotechnology organisms cells or biological molecules to produce foods drugs or other goods the use and especially the alteration of 2 What is genetic engineering Genetic engineering material of an organism usually using recombinant DNA techniques the modification of the genetic 3 What is recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA addition of DNA from a different organism typically from a different species DNA that has been altered by the 4 What are GMOs 5 What are plasmids Genetically Modified Organisms Plasmid a small circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria carry genes that help bacteria survive in new environments Plasmids are being used in genetic engineering because they can pass new traits onto other species 6 How do viruses reproduce in their host cells Viruses attach to specific molecules on the surface of a host cell material proteins Virus enter the cytoplasm and releases its genetic The host replicates the viral DNA and synthesizes viral Replicated genes and proteins assemble and reproduce causing more viral cells 7 What is PCR and how does it work Polymerase chain reaction PCR a method of producing virtually unlimited numbers of copies of a specific piece of DNA Targets a desired sequence of DNA and amplifies it to be selected out and used 8 What is gel
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