PET 3322 Study Guide Chapter 1 6 levels of structural organization Systems of the body Intro to Human Body Homeostasis Feedback mechanism 1 Chemical level 2 cellular level 3 tissue level 4 organ level 5 system level 6 organismal level Control mechanisms of homeostasis 1 Receptor sensor 2 Control center 3 Effector Integumentary System Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Balance equilibrium Keeping the body in normal range Maintenance of relatively constant conditions inside the body An increase decrease in variable in the body will be detected by a receptor the receptor is activated and sends a signal to the control center detects changes in controlled conditions Usually the CNS Receives signal from receptor and sends a signal to the effector organ decides the type and amount of response required The organ that will produce the effect to maintain homeostasis of the variable reacts to signals from control center and produces the required response Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Inside our cells All body fluids other than the ones inside our cells Homeostasis Receptor Control center Effector Fluids in the body include Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid interstitial fluids plasma lymph cerebrospinal fluid synovial fluid Interstitial fluid Plasma Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid Synovial fluid Fluid between cells and tissues Fluid component of blood Fluid in lymphatic vessels Fluid in the CNS central nervous system Fluid within most joints PET 3322 Study Guide What are feedback mechanisms the two types Negative feedback Positive feedback Chapter 3 Plasma membrane Membrane lipids include Phospholipids Cholesterol Membrane proteins include Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Diffusion Channels Carrier proteins Control our internal environment control homeostasis Types negative and positive feedback Controlling homeostasis by producing an opposite effect of the initial change Ex blood pressure increases so the body will produce a negative feedback mechanism to decrease blood pressure Response is the same as that caused by the initial change Stimulus causes a response that reinforces the effect of the stimulus Happens in labor for women Cell biology and genetics transport mechanisms protein synthesis transcription translation The flexible outer surface of the cell separates extracellular and intracellular materials Has the same characteristics of the membranes that surround the organelles not in function production of membrane potential The three main nutrients carbs fats proteins in the cells are all a part of the membrane Phospholipids Cholesterol Make up the phospholipid bilayer polar heads facing water inside and outside hydrophilic area non polar tails face each other on interior hydrophobic region of membrane permeability of the membrane allows small and non polar molecules to pass through easily Determines the fluid nature of the cell membrane Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Glycoproteins Transmembrane crosses whole membrane Different types channels carrier proteins On the surface either inside or outside on the cell but do not cross the membrane Movement from one side to the other Down concentration gradient high to low Passive transport no energy Integral proteins Electrolytes use channels Non gated always open Gated opened closed by a certain stimuli Transporters 2nd type of integral protein Carry substance ions glucose amino acids from one side to the other PET 3322 Study Guide ATP powered transport Receptor proteins Enzyme Movement through plasma membrane different types Simple diffusion Rate of diffusion depends on Osmosis Isosmotic Hyperosmotic Hyposmotic Mediated transport Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Several forms Uniporters moves one particle Symporters move 2 particles in same direction at the same time Antiporters move 2 particles in opposite directions at the same time Active transport that needs ATP energy 1 primary active transport 2 secondary active transport Channel integral protein but also a receptor for hormones or neurotransmitters has exposed receptor site attachment of receptor specific chemical signals to receptors to open gate Accelerate chemical reactions Diffusion Simple Facilitated Osmosis Mediated transport Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport From high to low concentration No energy Concentration influences diffusion Fats non polar and gases CO2 O2 Concentration gradient Temperature Mass of diffusing ion molecule Diffusion distance Diffusion of H2O solvent through selectively permeable membrane Solutions with the same concentrations of solute particles Soln with greater concentration of solute Cell with lose water crenation and shrink Soln with lesser concentration of solute Cell gains water and swells bursts Involves carrier proteins or channels Affected by saturation rate of transport limited by available carrier proteins competition and specificity Type of mediated transport using a channel or carrier PASSIVE no energy high to low Channels Moves electrolytes ions Carriers moves amino acids or glucose Powered by ATP ACTIVE transport needs energy From low to high concentration Ex Sodium potassium exchange pump Sodium potassium pump Moves Na from low to high needs energy 2 K in 3 Na out which makes the inside of the cell negative creates PET 3322 Study Guide Secondary active transport homeostasis Depends on the primary active transport Ions molecules move in same symport or opposite anitport direction Used for glucose and amino acids low to high Not enough energy to drive to uses Na from primary active transport as energy Na going from high to low drives the other substance Small spherical membrane sacs Used to move large molecules in out of cell and between organelles Moving substances inside the cell 2 tpyes Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Eating of cells Larger particles Drinking of cells Smaller particles than above but still large Into the cell Receptor molecules on surface of cell bind to molecules to be taken into the cell Formation of vesicle bounds both the molecule substance and receptors Movement of substances outside the cell Ex secretion of digestive enzymes Bound by a membrane Where most of cell s DNA is located mRNA is produced in the nucleus where it then travels to the ribosomes Where protein synthesis occurs 2 types free and attached Attached attached to the rough
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